Social Media Texting And Bad Grammar English Language Essay

Social Media Texting And Bad Grammar English Language EssayLOL and OMG have been the acronyms of the decade becoming a edit in the way people communicate. Social media has expanded so much that people atomic number 18 becoming dependent on the Internet and are creating their profess actors line. Social media is making the generation develop bad grammar. This issue is a trouble beca uptake it is making decree incapable of structuring coherent sentences making the generation dumb. The to a greater extent hours that are squandered on Facebook, Twitter and other social media outlets, people are sp terminal less time focusing on their education and grammar and the more time is being put into chatting. Social Media and texting is promoting bad grammar because people are adapted to writing slang online and man they text and when they try to write comme il faut, they so-and-so non because they are accustomed to writing colloquially.Bad grammar has gotten so severe that the news c hannels have made several appearances talking about Social Media and Bad Grammar. A video that was posted on Channel 19 KYTX that is a local news station in Tyler, Texas that talks about badgrammarand how students are act to use bad grammar not only on Facebook, Twitter and while texting just now are trying to use it the classroom in their essays. Living in a Social Media trying to communicate as fast as possible we much keep conversations short, I dont even put periods, question mark or anything. I just type it and go, said Kaylee McPherson. With the generation being based on technology it was bear the happen where people are ending up not just texting in acronyms but also taking them. McPherson states that, Now, they actually start talking it. I hear people talking and Im care you kind of sound dumb. Not only are teenagers using shorthand on scoial media but also in the classroom. Melanie McNeils a High School English teacher says that when she grades papers she sees the lingo in their essays, Ok, this is peerless I see a lot. B4=before, OMG=oh my, u=you, y= wherefore, said Melanie McNeil. Instead of McNeil giving her students no impute for that type of language used in their essays she also talks to her student about to difference between casual language and academic language and when is it proper to use the two. This Web lingo has increased so much that even the oxford English dictionary has even added the words Lol, Omg,Tweet, Retweet and even Sext. That there is justification that the being is changing due to Social Media. Ontario Waterloo University in Canada require students to pass and English outpouringing theirEnglishlanguage skills in order to be accepted into the University and 1/3 are failing and now they areblamingsocial media. Ontario Waterloo is a great example someone trying to do something about the bad grammar problem and thank god it is educational. large number should be happy that Universities are doing this then maybe at least maybe people exit try harder to reinstate grammar and less on Social Media cites. Bad Grammar and Social Media go hand in hand people are so excited to sent a instant message that they make a shorthand of words and do not use full sentences. This is a server problem that deficiencys to beaddressedand we need to communicate effectively to change the bad grammar that our generation has developed. Being depend on social media affects one and people stop communication and it will eventually affect us in the long run when we apply for jobs.Switching from academic to colloquial language is difficult for most get accustomed to changing the language and it is declining grammar skill. In the article, No LOL matter Tween texting may lead to poor grammar skills by Pen State Official University News source this article discuss howtweenswho are in the age range between nine and fourteen are texting inacronymsand according to researches are decline language and grammar skills(par. 1). Tex t messaging may be an easy and fast way for one to communicate but according to Drew Cingel who is a Distinguished prof of Communications and co-director of the Pen States Media Effects Research Laboratory states that, The use of these shortcuts may hinder a tweens ability to switch between techspeack and normal rules of grammar(par. 5). Teachspeak is when someone uses shortcuts while texting, on a social media site or chatting, such as U for You. Cingel gave middle school children inPennsylvania a grammar assessment test at a 9th grade level to see if eitherone up to par she eventually verbalize after receiving the scores, Overall, there is evidence of a decline in grammar scores based on the number of adaptions in sent text messages(par. 8). The most people text the more they will adapt to that type of demeanor and will not be about to distinguish whether they are writing proper or not. In High School I unceasingly undergo teachspeak, when I was in my English class the teache r would tell us to peer review each others essay. I would always notice that in every paper I would peer review I would at least see one or more tachspeak errors where someone would u instead of you .That is why researches have stated that it is affecting childrensgrammar.Some may say that social media has been a way to connect with our lost love ones and some researchers have stated that social media is the downfall of the generation. The Internet is growing rapidly and it and has created many alternative ways from one to get information such as Dictionary.com, where one passel look up a definition instead of grabbing a dictionary and instead of reading a book there are books online that you can use on your Ipad or kindle. Social media and texting has have a downfall on our grammar and it is getting harder to multitask. In the article, Yes, People Still Read, But Now Its Social by Steven Johnson it explains how people are reading books on a Kindle but Mr.Carrs who is the author of , The Shallows states, These distraction comes with heavy cost scientific studies show how multitasking harms our concentration(427). Due to social media such as Twitter, Facebook,and YouTube etc. being used all at once people are less likely to be able to focus.Peoplewho multitask more are going to be faced with certainchallengesin school when they are not able to concentrate in their studies. According to a study they found out that, Heavy multitaskingperformedabout about 10 to 20 percent worse on most test than lightmultitasking (427). So it is true that Social media is making us dumber, people may read books on Kindle and might be happy that they are reading books but Mr.Carrs concern is that people are not thinking with a high-level mind set and people are reading pages on a screen. I feel like if society is going to depend on the internet eventually people people will stop talking in release and full sentences and will start using acronyms and that will affect peoplesgrammarw hen they are trying to write in an educational matter.The statistics for text messages have increased over the years. According to the Chicago Tribute that stated that Pew Research claims, 72% of adults and 87% of teens get out and receive text messages(par.2). It is not only the teenagers that are constantly texting but also adults who are texting away. An executive editor of the American Heritage Dictionary named Steve Kleindetr says that when you text you may want to pay close attention to your attention. Kleinder gives us an example, If youre texting a friend who has difficulty with loose grammatical vantage pointards, be sure to spell out u (par. 2). This is a great point that Kleinder stated one must always think about the audience if it is either sending a text message or an email. No one will send an email to their boss saying Sup, cant make 2 wrk L8ts and especially if you had a friend who struggles with grammar you would write out everything clearly. Grammar is a huge part of our society and, People will always judge you, so write with that in mind, Kleinedler says. I personally have never wrote in short hand priming being that I struggle in English and I am not a very good speller, and if I were to write colloquialisms I would not help myself. That is why I made a pact with myself to always write in complete sentences if I am either texting on Facebook or Twitter no matter what. This has actually been beneficial to me because I have never written colloquiums in my essays I might still be a bad speller but at least I do not do it on purpose.Our generation will never be the resembling the Internet will always have some sort of power over us and with the development of technology increasing there is nothing we can do but educate ourselves. Just because everyone is texting and on Facebook sounding illiterate does not mean we have to do it too. We must take a stand and show society that the generation might be powered with technology but we are usi ng it for our education and other beneficial things. Grammar will always be a problem and it can be fixed but with so many Social media outlets using Weblingo there is no way everyone will stop trying to be cool and rebel against it. Some people will not want to do it but they are dumb-ing themselves down. People need to learn how to talk proper and how to communicate instead of through Facebook and over a text. If this issue is not fixed our generation will be finished and there will be no way to fix it.Web CitedAustin, Anthony. Special Report Social Media Bad Grammar. cbs19.tv. Web. 19 Feb. 2013.Hameker, Christian. A Moratorium on Social-Media Grammar? unsophisticated Telecommunications31.3 (2012) 8-.ABI/INFORM Complete.Web. 20 Feb. 2013.Johnson, Steven. Yes, People Still Read, But Now Its Social. Beyond Words Cultural Texts for Reading and Writing. Eds. John Ruszkiewicz, Daniel Anderson, and Christry Friend. San Francisco Pearson. 2010. 427-429. Print.Sunder, S Shyam. No LOL ma tter Tween texting may lead to poor grammar skill. Pen State News. 25 July 2012. Pen State. Web. 20 Feb 2013.

Five Forces Analyses Of Fulham Football Club Marketing Essay

Five Forces Analyses Of Fulham Football bon ton Marketing EssayIf existing competition is interpreted as plainly emanating from other Premiership football post game baseball clubs, then it is unlikely that customers will shift their support en masse to a competitor, such as London neighbours Chelsea FC. Despite the fact that some fans do attend both grounds, football is one of those products, where, what Brassington and Pettit term competitory marketing, in which promotion deliberately compargons products (i.e. a BMW with a Mercedes) is inapplicable. (Brassington and Pettit 2005 p.306) holy terror of New Market Entrants same considerations as above apply in this respect. There have been instances of new entrants competing for local anaesthetic market sh atomic number 18, such as the case of MK Dons and Wimbledon AFC. However, that situation arose out of a particular set of circumstances, (i.e. control of business premises) rather than a straightforward competitive proposition .Power of SuppliersIn common with all other UK businesses, Fulham FC will visualise a new and to a greater extent hostile environment in January 2011, when the VAT rate rises to 20 per cent. Fulham will also have to contend with inflation in its business-to-business transactions, i.e. those with building contractors, caterers, transport and hospitality service providers, insurers, utilities providers, communications and administrative contractors, security providers, and the police service.However, the Clubs principle suppliers argon its contracted players and in that location is little to suggest that they are prepared to reduce their fees, rather player wages increase year on year.Bargaining Power of BuyersThis could be a major threat to Fulham FC, in the short, medium and long term. As discussed above, the impending introduction of VAT must be regarded as exerting a downward pressure on consumer demand.Although it only represents a 0.50p increase on a 20 ticket, the real effec t of the rise upon actual consumer demand should be viewed holistically. Fulham supporters will be paying 2.5 per cent more for all of their discretionary living expenses, with a commensurate reduction in their disposable income. If buyers (supporters) stop coming to games Fulham FC will be forced to reduce prices.Threat of Substitute ProductsA major consideration for Fulham FC, substitutes from outside of football may become significant, especially if alternative sports and leisure offerings were available at a competitive price. This should be considered a proportionate rather than total threat if, for example, a percentage of football supporters switched to an attractive new product, such as basketball, ice hockey, speedway, or similar, it could impact negatively on club r even outues, rather than eliminating them.1b The Major Points for Consideration for Success in the Football Industry?It may be argued that the most in-chief(postnominal) point for consideration in the success of a football business is liquidity and/or capitalization. It is definitely the case that the best-financed clubs often have the most hard-nosed prospects of winning major trophies.In recent years such investment has become associated with the chairmanship of super-rich entrepreneurs such as Abramovich at Chelsea, and Fayed at Fulham. The latters support of the club even included the opening of a concessionary outlet on the fifth floor of his Harrods store in Knightsbridge. (Brennan et al. 2003 p.229)However, as the Financial Times fates, dependence upon a rich benefactor implies contingent risks, especially if supporters are expected to replace such capitalization on the departure of the former. (Kavanagh 2010)In May 2010, Fayed sold the Harrods store to Qatar Holdings for a reported 1.5 billion. (Arnold and Rigby 2010) Earlier meetings between Fayed and Lakshmi Mittal prompted speculation that a sale of the heavily indebted Fulham club was immanent. (Smith 2005) The chief(pre nominal) point here is that, as elsewhere, Fayeds capitalization of the club is secured through debt, a liability which would remain, should he depart. (Buhler and Nufer 2010 p.9)2 The cost of Premiership players is constantly increasing and yet Fulham must continue to purchase strong international players if it is to continually improve. Fulhams wage/turnover ration is reputed to be around 120 per cent for the 2000 season. In what areas should Fulham Football Club focus its revenue generation activities so that it covers its be in the longer term?Brennan et al point out the rationale of footballs primary consumers (i.e. ticket-buying supporters) cannot be analyzed through conventional marketing considerations, since consumption of football is mediated through a variety of non-commercial criteria. Moreover, since the core product is the game itself, Fulham cannot avoid investment in the requisite skills base. (Brennan et al 2003 p.229)Since the Club cannot capitalize its skills-ba se (i.e. acting and managerial staff) to the extent of the top Premiership clubs, it must pursue the CRM (customer relationship marketing) strategy already adopted. As Brennan et al. express it,since marketers cannot influence the outcome of the gameemphasis should be placed uponan offering thatextends to an overall package built around the game. (Brennan et al. 2003 p.230)However, as Hooley et al. indicate, effective marketing and segmentation can only succeed if there are commercially significant differences within the customer base. (Hooley et al. 2004 p.271)It cannot be assumed that Fulhams 1999 market research based on an 800-strong participant sample provides enough data about(predicate) these. (Brennan et al. 2004 p.232). It should therefore commission modern market research within a larger sample, i.e. at least 5,000 participants or 25 per cent of aggregate attendance. This data should then be use toConcentrate on developing a CRM (customer relationship marketing) appr oach with existing customers, through personalized e-commerce, loyalty and reward schemes and so on Their continued support will secure a stable income in the long term, and this is vital, even if it is at a reduced level. As Christopher et al. indicate, in vaned markets featuring intensifying competition, existing customers imply less costs and are therefore more profitable to sell to. (Christopher et al. 2002 p.46)Hasten the development of its youth academy rig and attempt, wherever possible, to engineer advantageous contractual conditions with players. This could also be used to enhance Fulhams Corporate Responsibility profile, in support of a cause-related marketing approach. (Pringle and Thompson 1999 p.xix) conserve to develop the Fulham Business Club as a means of partnership and investment with local and national businesses. As the Club statesThe objectives of the business club are straightforward to provide a framework for Fulham supporters in business to come together on a social and informal basis. (Fulham FC 2010)This should nurture what Buhler and Nufer term an industrial marketing perspective, concentrated towards strong, lasting relationships. (Buhler and Nufer 2010 p.22)Concentrate on diversification essential to club revenues, as Brennan et al indicate. (2003 p.236)Since 2009, Fulham FC has been in partnership with Fenway Sports Group, owners of the Boston Red Sox baseball team. This pairing was regarded by many as unorthodox the Red Sox are a filming US baseball side, whilst Fulham, although in the Premiership, cannot be regarded as move into the equivalent category in English football. This stands in contrast to the earlier partnership between Manchester United and the New York Yankees. However, a spokesman for the Boston team insist thatCraven Cottage is 150 years old and Fenway Park is almost 100 years old. Both clubs have strong heritage and strong local ties in the cities in which they play. (Garrahan 2009)The arrangement allows Fenway to benefit from the growing American interest in the English Premier League it has even been suggested that Premiership games could be played in Boston.Meanwhile, Fulham benefits from Fenways established marketing of sports in the US, a largely virgin market in comparison to UK/Europe. The weighty point here is that this partnership could yield of import new market shares in the US if the Fulham/Fenway partnership succeeds, increasing revenue and profitability accordingly.3 Fulham has a relatively low fan base and a ground capacity that is currently hindered by the need to obtain planning permission approval. How important are the fans in the generation of revenue? Why couldnt Fulham simply focus on television spectatorship?Fulhams ground capacity is low by Premiership standards, with a 25,700 capacity, including provision for 6.500 away fans. (Fulham 2010) However, an over-reliance on television revenues might expose the Club to a loss of revenue as prices rise. Even befo re the forthcoming VAT increase, British Sky Broadcasting has raised both the wholesale and sell prices. (Fenton 2010)In addition from January 2011, pay-per-view subscribers will begin to pay VAT at 20 per cent. The precise effects of this are unpredictable, but precedents elsewhere suggest weaken consumer demand e.g. the German Bundesbank calculated that a VAT rise in 1997 depressed domestic private consumption by 0.5 over the succeeding decade. (Unattributed 22.7.10)The important point here is that pay-per-view subscriptions nor match attendance represent a recession-proof source of income. On this basis alone, over-reliance on TV receipts is a risky strategy. in any case in football marketing generally, it is not the case as Porter argued that afirm gains competitive advantage by performing strategically important activities more cheaply or better than its competitors. (Christopher et al. 2002 p.121)Physical and televised spectatorship cannot be entirely divorced there is a r elationship between the two. Television spectators derive their storage area and enjoyment of the game partly through the visual and aural stimulus of the crowds behavior at the ground, as well as the uncertainties inherent in the game itself. (Brennan et al. 2003 p.230) Half-empty and quiet grounds, therefore auger badly for the uptake of pay-per-view. It must also be considered that even neutral supporters hold in high appreciation, highly charged grudge-match atmospheres.It must also be remembered that, in the specific business scenario of English Premiership football, change magnitude revenue is not the panacea which the question seems to suggest, since it would not necessarily lead to increased profits. Essentially, Fulham cannot escape the effects of what independent observers term thedysfunctional business model of the English Premier League, in which clubs are continually driven to maximize wages rather than profitability. (Kavanagh 2010)As the Financial Times reports, Pr emier League wage inflation during the 2008-9 season was 11 per cent a 39 million increase in club revenues was dwarfed by a 132 million rise in total wage costs. At 1.3 billion, these accounted for 67 per cent of revenues. (Kavanagh 2010) What this means is that increased revenue, whether derived from ticket receipts or TV revenues, would undoubtedly be taken into account by players agents when negotiating future contracts and salaries. Therefore in relative terms, Fulham FC might be no better off.Fulham might also realise profits through marketing the output of its youth academy. However, the professional services group Deloitte reported that imparting expenditure was down 22 per cent to approximately 350 million in 2010, compared to 450 million in each of the previous years. Moreover, much of the 2010 total (40 per cent) is accounted for by the one hundred fifteen layout of Manchester City. (Blitz 2010) As a Deloitte spokesman put itan absence of new owners and clubs striving to improve their financial balance has diminished the vibrancy of the transfer market. (Blitz 2010)It must also be borne in mind that Premier League rules now square up the overall size of first team squads to 25 players, of whom the overseas contingent must be no greater than 17. (Blitz 2010). To date however has had little impact on the domestic-overseas balance accountants Grant Thornton reported that only 16 per cent of 2009-10 expenditure was on abode-grown players, 20 per cent down on the previous years figures. (Blitz 2010).As one Financial Times commentator puts itFulham have several advantages over Chelsea their tickets are cheap and easy to get hold of, their ground is picturesque and closer to my house, and their supporters unlike Chelseas thuggish, hyped-up fol disappoints are amiable and philosophical. (Rachman 2009)However, as suggested above, it is this exclusivity and character which may limit the scale ability of the brand if it starts trading down to a wider b ut less stereotypically Fulham type of fan, its brand equity may be diluted. As Brennan et al. indicateThe role of the brand is to act as an important link that brings the club, supporters and potential sponsors together. Building a brand that emphasises values is important to the supporters and other stakeholders alike (Brennan et al. 2003 p.240)Furthermore, there are inherent dangers in the categorisation of consumers into convenient segments. As Brennan et al. also argueIndividualism is becoming increasingly important in society and dominant to ones sense of self therefore Classifying supporters on the basis of their supposedly homogeneous behaviour may not serve any real purpose. (Brennan et al. 2003 p.236)As discussed above, contemporary market research data must be secured to establish a viable segmenting strategy in contemporary terms.In conclusion Fulham cannot focus totally on television spectatorship as revenue generation is directly linked to the fans, an empty ground w ill lead to lower Television viewers and lower television viewers means less people likely to become Fulham fans who aspire or wish to watch live games at Craven Cottage, Fulhams home ground, which in turn negatively affects all other revenue generating elements like merchandising etc.

The Root Causes Of Terrorism

The Root Causes Of TerrorismFew events in history wreak the way societies react to future anomalies, one such being, the attack on the Twin Towers in 2001.With this event followed a flurry of discussions on Terrorism in media, academia circles, and several other forums. The spill over force play was felt all across the globe in pulp of pre-emptive coercive military and diplomatical intervention by the super powers in states like Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan. But with rising number of losses, both human and pecuniary, suffered by the society on the squ be is this outline of intimidation coupled with aid addressing the root cause of the problem?Terrorism is one of the gravest challenges faced by the valet de chambre today. Vast monetary resources in word form of military as well as developmental aid have been diverted to counter this menace. In spite of the ostentatious expenditures sustained by the world community, have we been successful so far in quelling this threat? Lead ers and academicians from wide spectrum of disciplines have been advocating for addressing the root causes of this phenomenon. Nevertheless, the question looming over this entire deliberate is what are the root causes of Terrorism?One of the key linkages of terrorism identified by the political ranks, especially after the 9-11 attacks was, terrorism and other forms of political ferocity are a product of economic and socio-political factors. US-President Bush (2002) argued that there is a vicious circle of political disenfranchisement, state failure and terror, saying that because persistent impoverishment and oppression can lead to hopelessness and despair these failed states can become havens for terror. Similarly, so-UK Prime Minister Blair (2004) argued poverty and instability leads to weak states, which can become havens for terrorists . (Krieger and Meierrieks 2010). The remarks discussed in a higher place open a new-fangled and a broader approach to addressing the prob lem.Terrorism is admittedly a very complex social phenomenon. It is the outcome of a set of quantitative as well as qualitative factors, which function at various levels of causation and where some of the factors are directly observable maculation others are latent (Drakos and Gofas April 2006). Although terrorism is a presumably multifaceted and multi-casual phenomenon lying between the nexus of war and peace, scholarly research on the causes of terrorism has all but escaped hard empirical analysis (OBrien June 1996) .Nevertheless, in this contribution I attempt to identify the plausible reasons for the emergence of terrorism. The study exposits the economic, social, and political factors which are considered to be the important causes of apocalypse of terrorism based on the existing literature and widely held perceptions. I explore the empirical validity of the causes of terrorism victimization econometric methods and seek to construct results which could be used in formulati ng effective counter terrorism strategies.The Dissertation is divided into 4 sections. I first discuss the theoretical foundations of my conk out and then in the subsequent section move on to discussing the existing literature on this issue. The main focus of Section 3 is to envision if there exists a relationship (even though casual) linking terrorism with economic, social and political conditions in various regions across the globe. In order to capture this relationship I estimate a panel regression for 109 countries from 1971 to 2005. Section 4 involves a detailed discussion of the problems associated with the estimated procedures and how results could have been affected by them. Lastly I conclude by summarizing my main findings and provide recommendations based on the empirical findings using the panel regressionsTheoretical Foundation in that location are myriad circumstances capable of giving hold up to terrorism. Terrorists exist in developed as well as less developed coun tries in former colonial states and in independent ones in classless and in non democratic states and so on. This implies that one needs to incorporate a number of diverse conditions epoch trying to develop an understanding of Terrorism. This makes it difficult to go in at any form of generalisation (Lia and Skjlberg 2000). In spite of this complexity, the causes of terrorism can be broadly explained by the following approaches1 -PsychologicalSocietalgeopoliticalThe Psychological approach focuses on the private or a collection of individuals decision to become a terrorist or join the terrorist group or feel with the ideology. Psycho-pathological and Psycho-sociological are two important approaches that fall under the psychological approach. The former treats an individual terrorist in isolation and accepts violent behaviour as a unnatural characteristic. Such an advancement has been criticized not only for divesting terrorism completely from socio-economic and political setti ng, but alike on empirical grounds (Lia and Skjlberg 2000).Authors such as Wintrobe (2006), Frey and Luchinger (2004) while criticizing the psycho-pathological approach argue that terrorists are indeed perspicacious beings and operate on the basis of a address-benefit principle. The Psycho-sociological approach on the other hand relates psychological factors and the societal environment Wilkinson, Paul 1990. Several others, such as Crenshaw (1990), Stedman (1997) also argue in favour of combining psychological and environmental factors on various stratums to mystify at any comprehensive theory of the causes of terrorism. Under the above mentioned framework theories such as the relative deprivation theory Piazza, A James (2004), transmission theory Weimann and Brouiss (1988) are the most widely used premise to explain the phenomenon of terrorism. The relative deprivation1 theory emphasizes deprivation in form of poverty, health, life expectancy and etc as major causes of terrori sm. The contagion theory on the other hand considers terrorism to be duration dependant i.e. terrorism being far from random (Lia and Skjlberg 2000) There exists voluminous empirical evidence suggesting the relevance of the contagion theory1.Societal approach lays emphasis on the historical and present social, cultural, economical, political, in short overall environmental development of any given region. Under the societal approach, factors such as modernization, globalization, urbanization, economic development, state legitimacy, politics etc are assumed to be primary in explaining terrorism Crenshaw 1990a, 1995. Critics of the societal approach often argue that the relationship between terrorism and the factors treated under the societal approach are at outmatch casual.Lastly the geo-political approach essentially relates to International Terrorism. This approach considers factors such as state sponsorship of terrorism, hegemony and weak and collapsed state as major causes of te rrorism. Works of Volgy et al., Guelke, have pioneered in using the geo political approach to explain the phenomenon of terrorism.The probability cost model is one of the extensively used models in economics to analyse the causes of terrorism. In this work I use the same microeconomic chance cost model presented by Freytag Kruger and Schneider (2008), Anderton, Charles H Carter, John R (2004). As I will show in discussions to follow, that such a treatment is indeed capable of encompassing the theories explained by the various approaches discussed above, hence making it ideal for usage in my analysis. Also, while formulating policies for counter terrorism strategies the usage of opportunity cost model assumes even a greater level of importance Bruno S. Frey and Simon Luechinger (2003)The traditional microeconomic framework looks at the decision making calculus and goals of an individual terrorist, as well as a group of terrorists and their sympathisers. One of the basic assumptions of this framework is that terrorist or the terrorist organizations are rational decision makers (essentially adhering to the rational choice model1) who have preferences over terrorism as well as ordinary activities Anderton, Charles H Carter, John R (2004). Incentives for an individual terrorist disaccord from that of the leaders who organize the terror. The opportunity costs of a leader of the terrorist organization are not measurable directly violence for them is just a actor to an end (Harrison, 2006).Thus their opportunity costs are reflected in their ability to use violence. Since the ability to use violence depends on the involved economic costs which inturn depends on the environment, hence we can conclude that the societal environment indirectly reflect the opportunity cost facing a leader. On the contrary, for an individual terrorist, incentives could be the solidarity that the group provides or the economic rewards that the he or she may be able to sop up from terrori sm or otherwise .His or hers opportunity cost in fact would be directly reflected in the societal environment.How an individual decision making dilemma can have an implication for the various subgroups on the whole is as follows. For any organization to survive, it is the preferences of their recruits or the volunteers that matter the most since they are being directly affected by their own actions as against the leader. Hence by analysing the individual choice problem we are in a way capturing the choices faced by the various sub-groups on the whole.Given this I focus on an individual faced with 2 choices either to become a terrorist or consume material rewards. I assume that there exists a set of rewards (mental) that an individual can gain from committing an act of terror or sympathising with the cause. On the other hand an individual by not becoming a terrorist can reap the benefits of employing his energies in other productive activities.I represent this in the figure shown bel ow. The decision to become a terrorist or not depends on the shape of the utility(prenominal) curve. A high preference for terrorism would imply greater their willingness to some material rewards to achieve an increment to mental rewards they would have steep indifference curves in the utility space. Non-terrorists receive no utility or even disutility from terrorism, so their indifferences curves would be flat or upward sloping. The shape of the utility curve determines the distinctiveness of the substitution and the income effect.For any terrorist the utility maximization problem can be written down in the following mannerArgmax. (T, O) U (1)Subject to R = Pt T + Po O (Budget Line) 1(eyerman) (2)Where R denotes the total resources Pt and Po denote the respective prices of terrorism1 (terrorism as a public good and its pricing) and entangled good respectively T denotes the quantity of terrorism and O denotes the quantity of composite good.In fig 1 for any individual the utility is maximized at point A. Now suppose that the GDP, democracy or education etc increase. This increases the material wealth available to the person there by increasing the opportunity cost of terrorist activities. The budget line pivots around the point D and the new budget simpleness is DF with the new equilibrium level being at point C. Similarly, when opportunity cost of terrorist activities fall, the budget constraint becomes flatter (shown by DG) and this over all increases the preferences for mental rewards otherwise Terrorism. The corner solution given by point D shows the maximum level of utility that a person can achieve by committing a terrorist attack. As noted by Kruger et al (2008) this is the point at which an individual chooses to commit suicide bombing.Mental RewardsSource The origins of terrorismOne can also represent this choice problem using an inter-temporal budget constraint. assume that the terrorists have a two-period horizon and must choose between terrorist activities today (T0) and tomorrow (T1) based on resources today (R0) and tomorrow (R1), the inter-temporal budget constraint1 Walter Enders* Todd Sandler 2002 is given byT1 = R1 + (1+ r) (R0- T0), Where r is the interest rate. (3)In the above equation tomorrows terrorism equals tomorrows resource endowment plus the earnings on savings from the initial period. The inter-temporal budget constraint framework can be used to explain the contagion effects via effects such as the inter-temporal substitution effects.Hence any shift or a tilt in the budget line DE would either raise or lower the opportunity cost of terrorism. The changes in the budget line are due to changes in the economic, social or political factors, and other factors which fall under the various approaches discussed in the first paragraph of this section. One can also restate the above mechanism in the following way, the utility that an individual derives from being peaceful or being violent depends upon the environmen t that the individual functions in. This is because the opportunity costs for being violent or peaceful facing an individual depend on macro versatiles affecting the settings that he or she operates under. These macro variables as we have seen can be either country specific or globally universal. This essentially gives us a new equation for the utility of the form(4)Where is a vector of macro variables that affect the opportunity cost of an individual represents the vector of coefficients which suggest the magnitude and the direction of the relationship that each macro variable shares with the utility that an individual attains from being either peaceful or violent is the error term in the equation depicting the other factors which may effect the utility.As seen earlier, factors identified by the theories listed above such as poverty, globalization, geopolitical-setting, urbanization etc. can be used to explain the phenomenon of terrorism by using the traditional framework of oppor tunity cost Thus the challenge lies in identifying the key macro variables which affect the opportunity cost. But before moving on to empirically testing the relevance of the macro variables effecting terrorism, I now review the existing literature in the subsequent section.Existing Literatureone mans terrorist is another(prenominal) mans freedom fighter problem (Jenkins 1982 Hoffman 1998).

Gains and Losses in Educating Rita :: Educating Rita Essays

Gains and Losses in Educating Rita The question of what Rita gains in Educating Rita is quite easy to answer. What she loses is less obvious. Her intention is to gain a college education and she for the most part succeeds in this. On the way you could say she loses her job and her husband, but it is worth asking whether these are really losses to the person Rita, or rather Susan, becomes. The assemble follows just over a year in Ritas life and shows her gradual progress in an English Literature argumentation. At first Rita knows she wants to do the course but not how to do well in it. It seems that she would rather do anything but talk about literary productions in the early lessons but she stepwise gains confidence and skill in her speech and writing. A good example of her progress is her response to Macbeth. Initially she does not understand how to release about it and produces a crap essay. Frank explains that the essay is not bad in terms of a personal respo nse to the play but it does not fulfil the criteria of the course she is doing. Rita accepts this and resolves to write the essay again. Ritas education goes far beyond just reading and responding to books however. When she first comes to the university she is impressed and even a little intimidated by the intelligent mickle she sees around her. By the end of the play she is able to tell them when they are speaking nonsense and join in their conversations as an equal. Success in her literature course has thus given her greater confidence in the wider world. Willy Russell shows that for Rita, education involves a move out of her original social class and away from the set of her family and friends. This could be seen as a loss for her, but in moving beyond her working class background she gains in self-respect and self-confidence so that she is better able to handle the challenges of life. The most obvious thing she loses is her husband. From what Rita says, they seem to get on well enough, but Denny doesnt understand her wish to be educated.

The Lady of Shallot Essay -- Lady of Shalott Essays

The Lady of Shallot The Lady of Shallot, by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, acts as a voice for people struggling with materialism of the industrial age. Tennyson became famous for reflecting the idealism of an industrious society that was nonetheless racked by deep doubts about its materialism (The Longman Anthology Of British Literature p. 1908). The curse of the mysterious lady of the poem could be thought of as the curse of the people subcombing to the dreaded materialism and giving up the nice innocent ideals. Furthermore, the lady represents Tennyson himself as he suffered from a personal battle between the desire for glamours fame, and the need to stay an innocent poet. In Looking at the viewpoint of Tennyson towards Victorian tailed by an industrial society, we can both get a glance at the curse of the poet and the lady of his poem. Before Tennyson became bountiful and famous, the poet lived in desolation both financially and socially. Tennyson embodied the Victorian gospel of hard work, as evidenced in the way he grueling patiently, in poverty, w...

Writing Technology :: Writing Technology Technological Papers

Writing TechnologyHow many times in an average day does one count on about how their shoes were made, and how the invention has evolved over the years? A person could never know the full extent of it until they tried to make a twain with only the simplest of materials to use. It is so easy to say that society does not know what they have until it is gone. For this project every tool that I have ever utilise for writing was taken away, and it left me more than a little frustrated. It is so hard to think about going through a day without a pen, pencil, or marker to use at will. These things have become as standard as the shoes we wear on our feet. Society knows why it has them, but they do not know to what extent until they are taken away or simplified beyond recognition.There is so much thought that has to go into making something to write with. Ideas can become so complex and intricate. Most of the ideas that I came up with were just too much in the sense that I was making it har der than it needed to be. Being that I am an impatient person, I was looking for something that I could do pretty quickly. I started to look at what was forthcoming to me, and I realized that hey I live in Michigan there are a lot of rocks around. I did not want to lug a bunch of huge, heavy things around, and so I focused on the smaller pebbles and stones instead. I assemble a sandy area close to where I found the rocks, and shaped small piles of them into letters.This idea was a decent one by my standards, and it was legible when it was completed. I formed the word rock with the stones. Toward the end I did get lazy though and used twigs I found for the last letter. Upon finishing, I realized the final outcome would last for a while, but it is not transportable. This could be a problem in a more realistic setting. I can not imagine taking notes in class with stones and having to vanish it there. This would make studying nearly impossible. After contemplating this for a while I came up with a plan of attack. Many ideas that have come about in the technology of writing have built on other ideas (Baron, Dennis, 36).

Melancholy :: Creative Writing Essays

MelancholyThe autumn sun beat down lifelessness and hot as common chord peered over the whitewashed fence. leave Harris garden was just on the other side. It was a very sad looking garden. There were weeds everywhere. He scanned departed the zucchini squash, the only when occasion doing well in the whole garden, and over the cantaloupe vine. Yes The watermelon was still there Trey could see it through the untidy leaves of its vine. If he was debased, he could get hold of it and be gone before Mrs. Harris even knew he was there. Plagued with misgivings, but determined to go on, Trey climbed over the fence into the garden. His friends whispered that the old lady was very a witch and would turn you into a cricket and feed you to her cat if she caught you sneaking around. He pushed the thought from his mind. Trey pulled at the watermelon, but the vine clung too tight. He shifted his grip and pulled harder. Suddenly, the entire vine pulled out of the ground and Trey fell back, landing on his seat. While he was struggling with the recollective fruit, the front door screeched open. Hey fall out of my garden Mrs. Harris hobbled out onto her front porch. Trey scrambled frantically over the fence holding the melon by its vine. He dropped down to the sidewalk only to find his cousin, Miles, coming up the street. If Miles found out what he was doing, itd ruin everything. Miles had an extremely over zealous conscience. Trey time-tested to run, but the watermelon was still on the other side of the fence. He yanked the vine and the melon flew over the fence. Just then, the melon snapped off its vine. Instead of sailing neatly into Treys waiting arms it nasty against the sidewalk and burst open with a dull thump. He hurriedly gathered up as many of the polish red pieces as he could hold and ran clutching them tightly, soaking the front of his shirt. Miles couldnt believe Trey was stealing a watermelon He pounded after his twin in age as fast as he could, but Tr ey, lank and swift on his feet, easily outdistanced him. Miles stopped, his hands on his knees and breathing hard. He was no match in fixity to Trey. As his breathing slowed, he took a moment to think. Miles grinned. The logical place for his cousin to head was the old apple orchard, where they had a hideout.Melancholy Creative Writing EssaysMelancholyThe autumn sun beat down still and hot as Trey peered over the whitewashed fence. Widow Harris garden was just on the other side. It was a very sad looking garden. There were weeds everywhere. He scanned past the zucchini squash, the only thing doing well in the whole garden, and over the cantaloupe vine. Yes The watermelon was still there Trey could see it through the scraggly leaves of its vine. If he was fast, he could grab it and be gone before Mrs. Harris even knew he was there. Plagued with misgivings, but determined to go on, Trey climbed over the fence into the garden. His friends whispered that the old lady was really a wi tch and would turn you into a cricket and feed you to her cat if she caught you sneaking around. He pushed the thought from his mind. Trey pulled at the watermelon, but the vine clung too tight. He shifted his grip and pulled harder. Suddenly, the entire vine pulled out of the ground and Trey fell back, landing on his seat. While he was struggling with the tenacious fruit, the front door screeched open. Hey Out of my garden Mrs. Harris hobbled out onto her front porch. Trey scrambled frantically over the fence holding the melon by its vine. He dropped down to the sidewalk only to find his cousin, Miles, coming up the street. If Miles found out what he was doing, itd ruin everything. Miles had an extremely over zealous conscience. Trey tried to run, but the watermelon was still on the other side of the fence. He yanked the vine and the melon flew over the fence. Just then, the melon snapped off its vine. Instead of sailing neatly into Treys waiting arms it smashed against the sidewal k and burst open with a dull thump. He hurriedly gathered up as many of the slick red pieces as he could hold and ran clutching them tightly, soaking the front of his shirt. Miles couldnt believe Trey was stealing a watermelon He pounded after his twin in age as fast as he could, but Trey, lank and swift on his feet, easily outdistanced him. Miles stopped, his hands on his knees and breathing hard. He was no match in speed to Trey. As his breathing slowed, he took a moment to think. Miles grinned. The logical place for his cousin to head was the old apple orchard, where they had a hideout.