My Philosophy of Education Essay - 1377 Words

My Philosophy of Education A child’s education is one of the most important, if not the most important, aspects of his or her life. With this in mind, teachers are very influential characters. Therefore it is essential that teachers develop their educational philosophy and their educational goals before making the big step from being a student to being a teacher. I would now like to present my educational philosophy and goals. I will do this by combining the thoughts of Rousseau, Plato/Socrates, Sophistry/Foucault, Pragmatism/Progressivism and interpreting and creating it into my own. First, I would like to share my thoughts on the nature of human beings. I agree with Plato and Socrates in the sense that most†¦show more content†¦A student needs mathematics, which is an example of absolute knowledge, where memorization and comprehension are the keys. Yet, I also feel that English and/or literature classes hold just as much significance, which can be considered relative knowledge. Both Rousseau and the Pragmatists/Progressivists, along with myself, agree that we come to know knowledge through experience. For example, as a future teacher, I do not expect students to sit in their seats the entire time, listening to me while I tell them how to do something; rather, I want them to participate in hands-on experiences and contribute to cooperative learning groups. To a certain extent, I like Foucault and the Sophists’ idea that knowledge determines power and power determines truth. It is true that knowledge creates a sense of power. Also, peop le are more likely to accept the views of those in power. In the past, as well as in the present, this has proven to be both beneficial and detrimental. This leads to my views on the purpose of education. Like Plato and Socrates, I believe that one purpose of education is to form â€Å"good citizens†. Wouldn’t we like to know that one day when our students are running the country, we educated them to be â€Å"good citizens†? School is about more than learningShow MoreRelatedMy Philosophy On The Philosophy Of Education844 Words   |  4 PagesIn mathematics, as in life, everything must be brought to the simplest of terms. I base my teaching philosophy on the foundation that every student is capable of learning mathematics. I will strive, as a teacher, to ensure that my students are able to have a strong foundation of mathematical skills when they leave my classroom. Some students believe that they are not mathematically gifted; therefore, incapable of learning mathematics. I believe to the contrary, all students with motivation, sustainedRead MoreMy Philosophy On Philosophy Of Education852 Words   |  4 PagesMy Philosophy of Education My philosophy of education is founded on a belief that all students have a desire to learn and to feel accepted. Learning takes place when students are able to have their specific needs meet inside the classroom, to feel accepted in the environment, and find the learning to be meaningful. I believe that before learning can take place a proper educational environment must be present inside the classroom. In order to make any classroom work I believe you need meet three criteriaRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Education As A Education864 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent philosophy of education, and what purpose education serves in a child’s life. The five philosophies of education that we recognize are: Essentialism, Perennialism, Progressivism, Social Reconstructionism, and Existentialism. I would most recognize my philosophy of education as Essentialism. Essentialism has been a dominant influence in American education since World War II. It focuses on core curriculum of traditional academic topics. I believe that the purpose of education is teachingRead MoreMy Philosophy of Education824 Words   |  4 Pages13 February 2011 My Philosophy of Education I believe that progressivism educational philosophy most closely matches my educational ideals. In my opinion based on the progressivism educational philosophy, the purpose of education is to enable students to learn useful knowledge that has meaning to them in the future. Thus, the most useful education for students is the skill of â€Å"learning how to learn†. When students understand the methodsRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Education And Education1038 Words   |  5 PagesMy Philosophy of Education When trying coming up with a personal philosophy of education, I had to ask myself what the purpose of education is. To me, the purpose of education is to teach students knowledge that is needed to make it through school and to succeed in the world after graduation. Anyone can go into teaching, but not every teacher can teach. Teachers go above and beyond to introduce methods, philosophies, and strategies to help their students learn, as well as, retain the informationRead MoreMy Education Philosophy 1511 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Mission Statement Education is the imparting and acquiring of knowledge and skills through teaching and learning. As an educator, my personal mission statement is to master my subject area in order to serve as a role model for my students thereby producing students who thoroughly understand the subject matter, and who develop holistically. In order to achieve this goal I must have a set education philosophy with a strong Christian worldview. I must also have a general understanding of theRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Education1056 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy of Student Engagement My philosophy of education is that every child should receive high quality education that is inclusive, relevant and meaningful to their life. I am a firm believer of making pedagogy relatable to my students. My vision is driven by my personal experiences with the American school system. I was what is thought of as â€Å"A child at risk†. I am an immigrant, black, Muslim student. My life is transactional as I am a part of multiple marginalized groups. Most of my teachersRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Education And Education864 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy of Education Children are the future and their education is the key to our society’s success. When considering this, I realize I have an immense responsibility as an educator. The main focuses of my teaching are active learning, building character within students, and providing meaningful curriculum. I want to create a comfortable setting where every student feels safe to learn. In many ways, my philosophy agrees with the holistic approach to education. I feel this challenges the studentRead MoreMy Philosophy on Education814 Words   |  3 PagesMy Philosophy of Education I think when I made the decision to become a teacher I was not thinking the seriousness of this decision. When we become teachers we also become the molder that will shape our student to be successful in life. But when you decide to become a teacher in a Christian school you are not only shaping this student to be successful in life but we are also shaping their Christian mind to do things with a feeling knowing that they are shape and where made by the image of GodRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Education1015 Words   |  5 Pagesimmediately sparked my interest in becoming an educator and share my personal beliefs on the important aspects of education. In addition to this, I will present various traits I believe are essential and critical for teachers to successfully fulfill their role as an educator. During my elementary years, I developed an urge to frequently ask many questions during the school day. Being able to question anything was astonishing to me. This was because my parents were unable to answer my questions and help

School of Thought - 1108 Words

Page1 When psychology was first established as a science it separated from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology: Structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism: Structuralism: Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and focused on breaking down mental process into the most basic component, Major structuralism thinkers include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward†¦show more content†¦It suggests that only observable behaviors should be studied, since internal states such as cognitions, emotions, and moods are too subjective. As Watson quotes suggest, strict behaviorist believe that any person could potentially be trained to perform any task, regardless of things like genetic backgrounds, personality traits and internal thoughts within the limits of their physical capabilities, and all it takes is the right conditioning. Psychology criticized the theory which Watson warns against the inevitable dangers of a mother providing too much love and affection. This theory caused lots of psychological problems up to depression in children at that time including his own family. Critics argue that behaviorism is one dimensional approach to Page4 understanding human behavior and that behavioral theories do not account for free will and internal influences such as moods, thoughts and feelings. Gestalt psychology: Gestalt psychology is based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Rather that breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest element, the gestalt psychologist believed that you must look at the whole of experience. The problem that gestalt theory confronts is that of an extended event, whether an action,Show MoreRelatedManagement School of Thought1542 Words   |  7 PagesManagement School of Thought:  During the present century, certain schools of management thought have developed. Each school reflects the problems of the period during which they were popular. Herold Koontz was the first who have attempted to classify the various approaches on the management in the schools of management theory. Based on the writings of some of the scholars and Koontz, the management thoughts, have been classified in the following schools of management theory. a) Management ProcessRead MoreMintzberg Schools of Thought1241 Words   |  5 PagesMintzberg’s Ten Schools of Thought about Strategy Formation Model The Design School A process of conception Approach Clear and unique strategies are formulated. The internal situation of the organisation is used to match the external environment. Basis Architecture as a metaphor. Contributions Order. Reduced ambiguity. Useful in relatively stable environment Support strong and visionary leadership. The Planning School A formal process A rigorous set of steps are takenRead MoreThe Rogerian School of Thought1093 Words   |  5 Pages The Rogerian school of thought was developed by Carl Rogers and deviated from Freud’s psychoanalytic and the behavioral theories that were popular at the time. The Rogerian or client-centered approach was seen as an alternative to the then-dominant models in American psychology of behaviorism and psychoanalysis and as such became aligned with the emerging third force of humanistic psychology (Joseph Murphy, 2012). The Rogerian approach does not rely on stages of development or conditioned responsesRead MoreSchool of Thoughts in Psychology1604 Words   |  7 PagesMajor Schools of Thought in  Psychology When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledgeRead MoreThe s School Of Thought1011 Words   |  5 Pagesmechanisms (from the psychodynamics school of thought) are being employed with respect to cultural, societal, and personal aspects; both displacement and projection are common mechanisms among bullies, as these individuals have a tendency to both shift their emotions onto other people while contemporaneously attributing their aggressive behaviour onto someone else (Haskings-Winner et al., 2011). Finally, archetypes, such as particular models of people and behaviours, can influence the actions ofRead MoreThe Economic Schools Of Thought1445 Words   |  6 PagesFreshwater Economics Macroeconomic schools of thought would be prudent to accept certain aspects of the views of other schools of thought to better understand the scope of economic efficiency through the use of various models aimed at understanding the implications that all actions affect outcome. Like other economic schools of thought, Freshwater developed from previous schools of thought as new macroeconomic ideas were discussed and disputed. Neoclassical synthesis was a postwar movementRead MoreThe School Of Management Thought752 Words   |  4 Pages The Schools of Management Thought In a historical aspect the evolution of management consist of six approaches starting with America’s Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century to the present: Classical, Behavioral, Quantitative, Systems, Contingency and Quality. Before the creation of factories the need for managerial skills was not needed, since products and services were delivered on a small scale and by hand. But with the invention of engines that did not require rivers to make themRead MoreEntrepreneurial School of Thought4494 Words   |  18 PagesEntrepreneurial School of Thought This school sees strategy formation as a visionary process and is fell under the descriptive school of strategic management. The chief architect of the strategy is the CEO of a company. This school took formal leadership seriously and CEO is responsible for strategy formulation. It stressed on mental state and processes such as instinctive knowledge, belief, wisdom, experience and insight of a single leader. The leader should be visionary in formulating strategyRead MoreThe Classical School Of Thought1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthe classical schools of thought, changes in our understandings of what causes victimisation over time, official vs. unofficial data and the different definitions of crime. These concepts show how the discovery of the victim and the shift in focus from the offender to the offence from the past 30 years has changed the understandings of what the reasoning behind what causes crime. The positivist vs. the classical schools of thought: Modern Criminology is made up of two main schools of though whichRead MoreThe Classical School Of Thought889 Words   |  4 Pagesidea of rational choice led to the development of the Classical school of thought, which sought to deter and prevent crime by making the fear of punishment worse than the gratification attained from crime. However, while free will and rational choice sought to explain criminality, other theorists began to consider that some individuals are biologically predisposed to criminal behavior. The development of the Classical School of thought in Criminology was a direct result of the Enlightenment period

Marketing and Management Retail Business

Question: Discuss about the Marketing and Management for Retail Business. Answer: Introduction: Zie energy, which is an energy distribution company, its operation is based on retail sector. Since last 15 years it has shown a significant growth in its retail business. Reason behind this growth is acquisition of large number of customers and very strong customer base. Customer base represents the set of customers who are the source of revenue of a business. It has been observed that there is increase in customer base by 1.6 million in the past 2 years with the help of acquisition of port energy and William energy retail business. While there is growth it is inevitable that there will be opportunities as well as challenge. Collection of data and the processes are very important aspect of any business but the businesses which Zia acquired were very poor in that. As a result these were the challenge for Zia to assimilate those data; it was very difficult for the call centre executives to resolve the issues of the customers. Retail transformation project was launched by Zia, which fo cused on accumulation of all processes. SAP has brought new revolution in managing business operations and customer relations more way that is efficient. The aim of this project is to offer better experience to their customers. This new technology will provide executives more detailed information about the customers, so that their query can be resolved quickly. This will give impetus to grow more. Operating in large scale with new technology has huge upfront cost. Five million customers were added from South Australia and Tasmania. Initially there was a great success in terms of customer service but with the increase in customer base it is quite challenging for the company. So management is now aiming to train employees as main purpose of this project is to enhance support to their customers and to facilitate smooth services. Laws in Australia about customer services: Customer service is an important part of any business. So main focus is to protect and promote rights of customers. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission promotes fair trade practice and competition to benefit consumers, businesses and community and it regulates infrastructure services. It ensures that businesses and individual act in accordance with Fair trading, consumer protection law. Australian consumer law is applied all over the Australia to all Australian business. Business and Australian consumer law is applied to all business sectors. It forbids unfair and harmful practices, ensures safety of consumer products and services related to products, provides consumer rights, regulate transactions between business and consumers. A good service is always appreciated by customers and through them only one firm can embark the success (Australia.gov.au 2016). Software used in customer services: There exists various type of software, which are implemented in different companies to improve the customer services. To provide services to the customers of a company is very important aspect to attain desired level of growth. Now-a-days prevalent use of SAP software is observed which is used to process data and it is related to ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning). Business operations are managed with the help of this software. Basically it collects and integrates data from different aspects of business. SAP includes many modules such as sales and marketing, designing of product and development, control of production and inventory, finance and accounts, which enables one firm to operate at large scale (toughnickel.com 2016). Enhancing customer service: Customer service refers to provide range of services to the new and existing customers before, during and after purchasing the product. Customer service is said to be good when it offers quick and simple solution to the customers. In addition to that representative CSR must be polite, patient and pleasant. She must be able to build up the trust by conversing with the customer, that consumer can explain their issue promptly and can get solution instantly. To support consumers in an efficient way, it is required that the executive must have product and process knowledge. They must be able to make understand of the solution to the customer that they can follow the instructions properly. Increasing productivity of employees: In any firm employees is one of the most important channels to generate revenue. Productivity is one aspect to measure the efficiency of an employee. So to attain higher level of revenue and growth one firm must focus on the aspect of productivity. Productivity can be increase by providing attractive economic incentives, flexible work hours, opportunity to work from home etc. In addition to these respecting employees, providing adequate training, setting targets for employees and providing them with appropriate feedback can help them to increase productivity. Adequate amount of break acts as stimulator that employees can relax for sometimes and can get back to work. Building trust with the team: A healthy work environment is build upon the trust among employees and employers. To attain desired level of growth firms must possess harmony between mental satisfaction and stability of the employees. Trust can be build up by establishing and maintaining integrity, by aiming the mission and values of the firm, practicing fair and equitable practice to all employees. Focus must be on achieving companys goal rather than individual goal. Leaders must appreciate the works of employees. Idea of team work plays an important role to achieve the success. A leaders prior job is to motivate employees by admiring the new ideas and thoughts given by employees, to listen employees voice and implement their plans. Managing conflicts within teams: To manage conflict within the team a leader must understand and acknowledge the conflict. Understanding the situation and then resolving the issue is needed. A leader only can make or break the team. He must ensure a good culture is followed within the team, when a conflict arises, team members might get insecure regarding their job and organization. Leader can motivate the entire team by giving credit to the deserving employees. He must ensure the employees that they are the most important part of the organization. Growth can be achieved by minimizing internal conflicts. Value of each person in a team must be well-known to everybody and all team members should respect each other and this must facilitate by the leader. Improvement in customer services to motivate employees: A firm whose primary operation is based on customer services, its revenue depends upon the feedback of the customers. A customer gives feedback when he gets some services from the company. A happy customer is always a channel to acquire more customers, and that is one important aspect of growth of a firm. If a firm grows then employees will be benefited that will get additional benefits. So customers can generate the chain of profit. So a firm must focus on the aspects from which a consumer gets the most out of their service. Enhancing the customer services that the customers can be served in better way and they must come across better service and experience the best. Medium available to customers: There are various channels such as telephone, e-mail, chats through which customers can contact the support help desk. Availability of various channels requires high volume of employees with multiple skills. This indeed invites high cost. However if a firm can address quick resolution to their consumers then, that generates higher revenue. Phone and chat support provides instant solution to the customers in case if it is not routed to other department. So customers prefer phone and chat support rather than e-mail support. In e-mail supports CSRs tries to clear the queue on the basis of first come first serve manner, but still there are situations when customers need to wait for the resolution. References: Australia.gov.au, 2016.Consumer protection | australia.gov.au. [online] Available at: https://www.australia.gov.au/information-and-services/public-safety-and-law/consumer-protection [Accessed 14 Jun. 2016]. ToughNickel, 2016.What is SAP Software System?. [online] Available at: https://toughnickel.com/business/What-is-SAP-Everything-you-need-to-know-about-SAP-software [Accessed 15 Jun. 2016].

Essay on The Impact of Social Media Upon Relationships Example For Students

Essay on The Impact of Social Media Upon Relationships As a teen I use social media on a day-to-day basis. I wake up, check my Instagram and get caught up on what I missed during my slumber. On the way to school it is Snapchat and Kik to connect with those dreading to go to school, and listen to complaints about upcoming tests and quizzes. After school I have a couple laughs on vine then make sure my grades are adequate on Engrade. Before I end my day it is another round of Instagram to see what I missed during the day. On most of these social media sites we are given the ability to communicate with people from all around the world, people who without social media you would have never come to know. I experienced this first-hand a couple months ago. I was checking my Instagram notifications and saw that this girl named Aminah wanted to follow me; she looked harmless so I accepted her. After a while she commented on one of my pictures a compliment to which I responded with a simple thank you. At the time I went to a public school and so di d she, we both found comfort in each other knowing that we both were going through the same thing. We both were trying to get through public school while still keeping our faith strong. After a while she gave me her Kik, or instant message, and whenever a problem arose to either of us we would Kik the other person. My relationship with Aminah created a wonderful relationship with someone in a completely different state. My story shows the upside of social media and how it can develop many wholesome relations. Although this narrative shows the advantages of social media in relationships I am interested in fining out the disadvantages. The girl who I spoke to ended up being a kind person, but I know that in many situations people are not so lucky. The Internet allows anyone to hide behind his or her computer screen, pretending to be whomever he or she wants. The girl could’ve been a complete fraud and I would have never known. I know that because of social medias easy accessibility, checking social media on a mobile phone provides quick access to a percentage of personal information at the touch of a button. I also know that social media can have both pros and cons. For example, although social media allows us to communicate with a higher amount of people, it still has a dangerous aspect. That dangerous aspect is that we do not really know the people who we are communicating with. I know fairly little about social medias affect on interpersonal relationships. One thing I want to learn about is how social media works. Why and how did it begin? What are some different experiences that have occurred through social media? Not only the bad but the good as well. Looking up statistics about the amount of people who use social media is something I want to look into as well. To sum up, social media is something that affects the old and the new generation drastically. Learning if this drastic change in society is either a good or bad addition to humanity is something that plays a very important role in creating a better tomorrow. Social media. An invention that allows someone from Nebraska USA, to converse with a random person in Bangladesh. 98% of 18-24 year olds around the world, confess to using social media. Social media not only allows one to communicate with people all around the world but also to create new online relationships, which would have never occurred without social media. Although this invention may seem like it would make us more social, people are spending an immense amount of time online creating virtual relationships that it is making us create less real relationships. Social media has many upsides and downsides but whether or not is affects social interactions is what this paper plans to answer. Media Can Mold the Way Adolescents Think EssayIn short, some pros to social media include the ability to interact with ones peers more often and find others to connect to as well. Some downsides to social media are that social media and social networking cites lack privacy, it can lead to stress and offline problems, and it causes people to spend less time interacting face-to-face. After understanding all of this one has to come to the conclusion that social media is here to stay. It is by all means not a fad, as Andy Braner said, â€Å"Were not going back. Communication is going to get faster and faster, and more efficient, until the pendulum swings back to the longing for real human interaction.† This research paper taught me multiple things about the way social media works. I now know that social media has actually been going on since the creation of email and is expected to continue, only advancing, for much longer. After doing some research I have also come to the conclusion that almost everyone uses social media.. According to a poll taken on January 1, 2014 98% of 18-24 year olds around the world use social media. My initial answer to whether social media affects relationships was a maybe leaning toward a no. But now after conducting research I have come up with the conclusion that yes, social media does in fact affect relationships. I believe this because of a number of factors including the ability to communicate with people online. I do recognize that these interactions may not be as strong as actual real life interactions, but it still gives people the opportunity to make friends and get to know more people easily, thus creating more relationships. Another factor tha t lead me to my conclusion was the amount of people who go on social media is overwhelming. When I think about why some people are associated with social networking sites the thought of communicating and meeting new people comes to mind. The last thing I learned from this paper is â€Å"you are what you post.† Works Cited †¢ Social Media, Social Life: How Teens View Their Digital Lives. Reviews Age Ratings. Common Sense Media, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. †¢ Tardanico, Susan. Is Social Media Sabotaging Real Communication?. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 30 Apr. 2012. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. †¢ Keller, Maura. â€Å"Social Media and Interpersonal Communication.† Social Work.com(.5 Feb. 2014). 17 Feb.2014 †¢ Jones, Richard. â€Å"How does Social Media affect our Relationships?†. Richardjonesjunior.com.(12 May. 2013). 17 Feb. 2014 †¢ Hudson, Paul. â€Å" Why Social Networking makes us less Social†. Elitedaily.com.(May 20. 2013). February 13. 2014 †¢ Wallace, Kelly. The upside of selfies: Social media isnt all bad for kids. CNN. Cable News Network, 22 Nov. 2013. 23 Feb. 2014. †¢ Carr, Nicholas G.. The shallows: what the Internet is doing to our brains. New York: W.W. Norton, 2010. Print.

The Grapes of Wrath by John St... free essay sample

The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck has many themes that most readers can relate to. The importance of the fambly or family, the group, is always stressed throughout the book. Staying together and suffering together in these rough times is certainly better than suffering alone. The Joad family used to have a farm in Oklahoma, but because of the dust bowl they fled to California in hopes that they could start over again. They didnt have much money or supplies, just themselves what they could fit in the truck with them. They all had dreams of eating peaches and grapes right off the vine. Grandpa Joad never got to feel the sweet juice drip down his chin, because died from a stroke on the side of the road. Two people also moving west, the Wilsons, lent the Joad family their tent to the family to tend to the dying man. We will write a custom essay sample on The Grapes of Wrath by John St or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They said, Were proud to help. I aint felt sosafe in a long time. People needsto help (Steinbeck 141) They would ask the Joads to help with their car. Al joad figured out that they would need another connecting rod. Mr. Joad suggests that the group should split up while the car gets fixed. Mrs. Joad, the mother of the protagonist, threatened him with a jack handle saying the group cant split up. Mrs. Joad is the cornerstone of the family. Mas strength is what allows the family to hold up as long as they do. (Monika 1) Both of these actions, one of kindness and one of desperation, show the bonds between these people. The Wilsons were strangers on the side of the road. They didnt have to help each other, treating to a dying man or fixing a car, but they did because were all people. They realized that they had more in common than they thought and stuck together for a while. Much later in the book after a shopkeeper gives Mrs Joad a little more than she can afford, she says,Learnin it all a time, ever day. If youre in trouble or hurt or needgo to poor people. Theyre the only ones thatll helpthe only ones. (Steinbeck 376) We can only assume that she is referring back to the Wilsons and all the other people in other communities taking care of each other because the government wouldnt. Family is all the Joad family thought they had, but not their sense of community. They continue to work themselves into new groups of their fellow workers to continue to take care of each other as they always had.This theme continues in the book when Tom Joad was reunited with Jim Casey, the preacher from his childhood. Casey told Tom that he was leading a strike because workers wage rates dropped too low to feed a family. Casey was killed by people who wanted to break the strike, prevent these workers from living good lives.Mas worst fears came true when Tom kills a man and has to go into hiding†¦ (Brooks 1) Tom had to run away for the safety of his family. He tells his mom about what Casey had told him. But now I been thinkin what he said, an I can remember—all of it. Says†¦ But I know now a fella aint no good alone. (Steinbeck 418) He understands that everyone is struggling to be getting these jobs that the Joads have luckily been able to get. At first, Tom is intensely individualistic, interested mainly in making his own way. (Mazzeno 1) When Mrs. Joad tells her son that shell miss him, he tells her he will be with her in all of the struggling people. He leaves to continue the work Casey started uniting all the reds or strikers to fight injustice

Free Essays on The Comparative Analysis Of The Computer History In The USSR &USA

Introduction Once in a lifetime a new invention will come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. A machine that has done all this and more now exists in nearly every business and one out of every two households. This incredible invention is the computer. The electronic computer has been around for over a half-century, but its ancestors have been around for 2000 years. However, only in the last 40 years it has changed the society. From the first wooden abacus to the latest high-speed microprocessor, the computer has changed nearly every aspect of people’s lives for the better. The very earliest existence of the modern day computer’s ancestor is the abacus. These date back to almost 2000 years ago. It is simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads are strung. When these beads are moved along the wire according to â€Å"programming† rules that the user must memorize, all ordinary arithmetic operations can be performed. The next innovation in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal invented the first digital calculating machine. It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascal’s father who was a tax collector. In the early 1800’s, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine. It was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Built in to his machine were operations that included everything a modern general-purpose computer would need. It was programmed by and stored data on cards with holes punched i n them, appropriately called punchcards. His inventions were failures for the most part because of the lack of precision machining techniques used at the time and the lack of demand for such a device. After Babbage, people began to lose interest in computers. However, between 1850 and 1900 there were great advances... Free Essays on The Comparative Analysis Of The Computer History In The USSR &USA Free Essays on The Comparative Analysis Of The Computer History In The USSR &USA Introduction Once in a lifetime a new invention will come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. A machine that has done all this and more now exists in nearly every business and one out of every two households. This incredible invention is the computer. The electronic computer has been around for over a half-century, but its ancestors have been around for 2000 years. However, only in the last 40 years it has changed the society. From the first wooden abacus to the latest high-speed microprocessor, the computer has changed nearly every aspect of people’s lives for the better. The very earliest existence of the modern day computer’s ancestor is the abacus. These date back to almost 2000 years ago. It is simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads are strung. When these beads are moved along the wire according to â€Å"programming† rules that the user must memorize, all ordinary arithmetic operations can be performed. The next innovation in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal invented the first digital calculating machine. It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascal’s father who was a tax collector. In the early 1800’s, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine. It was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Built in to his machine were operations that included everything a modern general-purpose computer would need. It was programmed by and stored data on cards with holes punched i n them, appropriately called punchcards. His inventions were failures for the most part because of the lack of precision machining techniques used at the time and the lack of demand for such a device. After Babbage, people began to lose interest in computers. However, between 1850 and 1900 there were great advances...

Article summary on 'Quality Process' Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary on 'Quality Process' - Article Example One also realizes that quality control in the garment industry is very important because if it does not meet the standards of the buyer, it would mean lost sales for the company. Application to Course: Quality control is an important aspect of operations management. The Fault Analysis Card, which was introduced in the discussion is fundamental to the operations management system (Alagulakshmi & Vanitha, n.d., p. 3). What One Learned: One learned a lot about the quality control system in a garment company. One learned of the various approaches in quality control and the different quality control functions of the textile materials. The article also specified the quality-related problems in garment manufacturing. Assessment of the Article’s Content: The article is very informative. The data offered was presented in a manner that could easily be understood by the readers. The article presented valuable information on quality control in the garment industry. It also highlighted the importance of quality control in the industry. It emphasized the value of communication and training in coming up with an effective and efficient quality control system. Alagulakshmi, V., & Vanitha, K. S. (n.d.). Quality systems for garment manufacture . Retrieved from fibre2fashion.com:

Strategies in Order to Avoid Plagiarism Assignment

Strategies in Order to Avoid Plagiarism - Assignment Example plagiarism could be a way to hold back people’s potential to exercise their creativity and personal ideas on certain things because, in the end, there would only be relevant duplications of concepts as an upshot of not significantly citing the right author or taking others’ words as own. For this reason, plagiarism could stand as an activity limiting the potential of a person to think of his own ideas and concepts on certain issues for instance. This activity should, therefore, degrade academic quality, so it is important to consider vital strategies in order to prevent somebody from plagiarizing. Below are some of the strategies in order to avoid plagiarism. Three strategies to avoid plagiarism Citing or attributing the reference source is one important strategy to avoid plagiarism (EC-Council, 2009). By attributing the reference source, a writer or speaker is giving credit to a person or article as the starting place of corresponding ideas. It is not good to consider an idea and regard it with full ownership if somebody already had it owned in the first place. In order to consider that idea without any problem, attributing the source is one of the most relevant actions a writer or speaker could apply.  So in order to achieve this, it is good to go back to the basic and employ substantial effort to cite authors and other related sources of some important ideas. In the age of advanced technology, it is now easy to detect whether a piece of article is a plagiarized output. There are some available online tools or software that could be used in order to identify the similarity of used words or information. Such are the common tools used in various academic institutions. In order to prevent from having similar outputs, one should, therefore, understand how these online tools work. In the case of some of these tools, the number or percentage of similar words is usually taken into account. Thus, when there is a higher number of percentage of proximit y, there is, therefore, a superior indication of actual plagiarism. At this point, another potential strategy that could be used in order to prevent plagiarism involves either paraphrasing or rephrasing (Tensen, 2012). This strategy would also be effective when one has to properly document the source (Van Blerkom, 2009). At some certain level, one is not limited to combine these two. In fact, this, for instance, would further enhance the writing skills of the writer, but above all, there is great consideration of warding off the high value of similarity between the recent and existing outputs. However, in this strategy, it would still be effective to attribute the source. Thus, paraphrasing or rephrasing plus citing the source would ensure a free-plagiarized output.

Mike Clouds Thomas Erben Gallery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mike Clouds Thomas Erben Gallery - Essay Example Clouds work has a feature suggestive of the unpolished flamboyance of William Pope.L's artwork But when one views Cloud's art shows a very conscious appointment with structure and imperfection This work is not of a rebellious nature as it seems to be a sincere study of the motionless nature of thoughts in relation to the inner rich lives of persons. Throughout the exhibition the color theory and color scales and are at work in calm palettes, arrangements that clash and ones that flow. The weight of Cloud’s curiosity shows itself through very dense paint smeared in arduous of layers implying the nature of various trains of thought laid down on canvas paper .Color is displayed in painting in this contest. Another of his paintings called ‘Dialogue of Growth’ it looks like a coffin and stands on the floor while leaning on the wall. The canvas is covered with blue and green hand prints, the word organ if painted in yellow two times while the image of the diamonds has b een repeated. The word ‘organ’ which was put at the center of the coffin is among the parts of a gold link chain. Of all his work in exhibitions, this one seems more concise. It seems to look into both the reality and suffocation idea of what being a black man means in 2014. In the piece ‘Removed Individual’ The body, as a corpse or alive, echoes through system and shape throughout the work of cloud., footprints, Handprints, male anatomy and heart prints are contained in the triangles which make a yellow-brown, red-pink six-pointed sta.

Policies for War Reporting in the Media

Policies for War Reporting in the Media PART V : THE WAY AHEAD â€Å"Smart generals understand all too well that wars can be won on the world’s television screens as well as on the battlefield†. Alvin and Heidi Toffler in â€Å"War and Anti War†. Media Policy Enumerate National Information and Media Policies. The government must enumerate national information and media policies and the aspect of defence coverage, in peacetime, conventional and LIC environment, must be adequately covered. Maj Gen Arjun Ray highlights the difference between the two. The information policy concerns the right of the citizen to information within and without the government , and the enactment of laws to facilitate such a flow. Media policy on the other hand includes all elements relating to information and communications to cover its relations with the media[2]. Statement of Policy.The media policy must address the core issue of defining the degree and kind of restraints to be placed on the media during peace, low intensity conflict and war in order to ensure positive media coverage without loss of credibility and endangering operational security and troop safety. It must lay down the media objectives, priorities, methods, means and constraints for the three situations. Transparency and Media Pools.Transparency must form a corner stone of the media policy as it will lead to greater public understanding and awareness which in turn will lead to greater appreciation and public confidence in the armed forces. One way of achieving this is by forming ‘Media Pools’ at different levels from services headquarters to corps. These pools must be composed of accredited and security-cleared representatives of different national and regional media and nominated by their parent organisations. These pools must be activated during exercises, low intensity conflicts and war and kept in readiness to be moved to the scene of action at short notice. Such a system will facilitate the media to cover operations in remote locations by being present at the scene of action, which it cannot otherwise do and at the same time facilitate the army in planning for handling and assisting media without compromising on security. Joint Security Review. A system of joint security review must be worked out in consultation with the Press Council of India and eminent media persons to replace the system of pre-censorship during peace and operations. This will go a long way towards enhancing the credibility of the armed forces. Accreditation of Defence Correspondents.Requisite qualifications for defence correspondents, such as a degree in defence studies and the ‘Defence Correspondents Course’ must be made mandatory for a journalist to be accredited as a defence correspondent. Efforts must be made to grant accreditation to adequate number of representatives of regional media, especially in areas affected by or having the potential for LIC. Self Restraint by Media.Self restraint by media is any day preferable to pre censorship and will only enhance media credibility. A list of sensitive issues on which the media must exercise restraint and different sets of security guidelines for covering defence matters during peace, exercises, LIC and war must be evolved in consultation with the media and notified to the media and their organisation such as the Press Council of India. Official Secrets Act.The Official Secrets Act 1923 must be revised to incorporate the damage potential of a piece of information as the overriding factor in determining whether or not its disclosure and receiver are guilty. Such a step will be a big stride towards recognition of the ‘right to know’ in a democracy[1]. Interaction with Foreign Media.Interaction with foreign media abroad can be left to the Indian mission located in that country. However, the DIPO should have the authority and the where-with-all to deal with international media in New Delhi. Similar flexibility would need to be made available at the Regional Command level. PR Organisation Setting up of an Apex Body. There is a clear need to replace the DPR with an integrated body to coordinate the functions of various Public Relations Organizations. For instance in the LIC environment there is a case of overlapping authority, where the armed forces and the numerous Central Police Organisations have their own Public Relation Departments, with different perceptions, interpretations and claims. These need to be coordinated by an Apex Body as they affect official credibility. This Apex Body should comprise officials and media specialists of sufficient standing to be included in high level policy meetings. It should include representative from the military, the media and the affected states. This Body should issue media policy directives, evaluate the need and level of controls to be imposed and be a fountainhead for information release. This should be headed by a Joint Secretary (PR), who should act as a spokesman for the Ministry of Defence, and should report directly to the Defence Secretary. He can be drawn from the armed forces or the All India Services, but more importantly should be chosen because of his background and experience in matters relating to national security and the military. On the formation of a National Security Council, this Apex body could form an important part of it, for dissemination of information and as an interface with the media. Media and Psychological Operations Directorate-Corps of PR. The armed forces Public Relation Department needs to be organised into a uniformed joint service organisation, the Corps of PR, under the Chiefs of Defence Staff (CDS). This is so, as the PR organisation is the basic vehicle available to the Services to counter terrorist and military propaganda. The existing organisation is ill suited to handle the psychological nature of media operations in the LIC and counter-terrorism scenario. The appointment of an Additional Director General (Media and Psychological Operations) and the setting up of a Directorate functioning under the CDS, to coordinate the media needs of the Services, would be a step in the right direction. The ADG should be assisted by PR Staff drawn from the three Services, and needs to function in close coordination with their operations and intelligence staff. Establishment of Army Liaison Cell.It is an innovation since 1996 which has virtually taken over the task of providing information on operational matters. A similar cell was set up during Kargil which achieved outstanding results[3]. It is headed by a Brigadier at Army HQ in South Block who functions directly under the Vice Chief of Army Staff and hence enjoys better access to all formation commands in the country, which the DPR does not have. The protocol between the Cell and the media should be clearly defined in the larger interest of defence media coverage. Also, the Cell needs to be relocated as it is housed in a prohibited area to which the media has no easy access. Establishment of Media and Psychological Operation Cells (MAPO). At each command and corps HQs, and their equivalent levels in the other two services, these cells should be established to cater for the media needs of the respective formations. In formations involved in LIC and counter- insurgency operations additional staff can be authorised on their establishment to cover the operational requirements of various divisions and brigades under them. Particular attention is required for staffing these cells as the officers selected as PROs should be highly motivated career officers, with the requisite aptitude and training for media handling. Selection and Training of PROs. Officers with aptitude and potential for creative writing and media management should be deputed for professional courses in media related activities or mass communications at the university level. On completion of training they should form the core for staffing the Corps of PR and MAPO cells at various levels. The officers so selected should be ‘up coming’ career officers, who should be given adequate incentives to choose this stream as a career option. They should attend courses conducted at the Indian Institute of Mass Communications (IIMC) periodically as they rise in service. At the Apex level the ADG (Media and Psy Ops) should be top professionals with adequate experience in combating LIC and counter – insurgency operations, and a flair for media handling. Provisions should also be made through which the Government can directly induct suitably qualified personnel from the media into the Defence Media Management organisation wh en required. Rank and Status of the PROs.The rank and status of the PROs needs to be elevated and the balance of the armed forces made to recognise their importance in the battle field, during LIC and military operations other than war. Exclusive Cadre of Defence Information Officers. At the DPR level, the Ministry of Defence should evolve an exclusive cadre of Defence Information Officers who can be posted to various locations according to the demands and needs of the three services. Ex servicemen could be inducted into such a service if they have the aptitude. Posting of Officers to PR Corps.It is recommended that only selection grade officers from the three services, with sufficient knowledge of various disciplines of the defence forces should be posted to the PR organisation. They should also have a reasonable tenure to maintain continuity as otherwise they are not likely to maintain interest. Budget and Resources.The PR budget of a defence establishment of this size must be increased manifold from the current level. Reccomendations for the Armed Forces Information Warfare – Principle of War. Information warfare for military operations should be conducted concurrently with operational planning as a Principle of War. This should be institutionalized at the level of policy formation[4]. Media an Equal Partner. In our democratic nation the media should be accepted as an equal partner working for the good of the people and the country at large. In the effort towards building a more positive image of the armed forces, the media must be encouraged to report on operations by being present at the scene of action if security permits. Rapport with Media.A conscious effort needs to be made to build up a rapport with media at all levels and more so at the level of senior commanders and staff officers. Interaction by way of organising seminars and guest lectures, mutual visits, inviting articles of eminent media persons in professional military journals and contribution of papers for professional media journals by service officers must be encouraged at all levels as a matter of policy. Media should also be invited to military events such as fire power demonstrations, tactical exercises, sports and welfare activities and ceremonial functions in Officers’ Messes[5]. Ground rules . A set of firm ground rules should be established as a guide for a mutually beneficial relationship. This relationship should be based on a positive, open and anti-media bias of the Armed Forces; and the media on its part should be objective and fair, as also be understanding about the constraints under which the military has to operate. Surveys and Opinion Polls – Need for a Regular Feed Back System. To ensure that the media coverage of the armed forces remains focused and positive, and to gauge its effect on the public from different regions; and on troops and their families, a system of obtaining regular feed back must be instituted. This could be obtained through the conduct of surveys and opinion polls conducted by renowned and recognized organisations. The information so obtained through these methods must form the basis for the formulation of a media strategy for the projection of a correct image of the armed forces. Training of Officers. Media and its handling must form part of the curriculum at all stages of an officers career starting from pre-commission training in the academies to post-commission training in all arms courses right up to senior levels, especially at the Defence Services Staff College. Commands and corps must also organise cadres and seminars on this subject for the benefit of other officers. Innovative methods of media training must be incorporated in all exercises and wargames for commanders and staff officers. Training of Troops. Dealing with media must form a part of various promotion cadres for Non Commissioned and Junior Commissioned Officers. In addition troops must be briefed regularly and practised in handling media persons during exercises. Training of Media Persons. Efforts must be made in consultation with the Press Council of India, various media organizations, University Grants Commission and leading universities conducting courses in journalism to incorporate defence awareness programmes and specifics of defence journalism in their curriculum. The scope of the War Correspondents courses presently conducted at the Intelligence School, Pune must be enhanced and it should be made a compulsory prerequisite for accredition as a defence correspondent. An advanced/refresher course should be designed for interested senior defence correspondents. Training should also be imparted by incorporating the media in various formation level exercises and wargames, to enable them to familiarize with combat environment. General Staff Pamphlets. All aspects of media handling by the army including the role and effect of media in various operations must be published as a General Staff publication. Current series of publications on ‘Operations of War’ and ‘Counter Insurgency Operations’ must be modified to incorporate a chapter on media. In order to foster a symbiotic relationship with media we must have a hard and deep look at our attitudes towards the media, both individual and organizational. Before any organizational change is possible attitudinal focus is essential. We need to brush off the stifling colonial mindsets and join the information age in an aggressive manner. The Army must become less sensitive to media reports and must view them as constructive criticism. We cannot and must not expect an adulatory or laudatory media all the time as was the case in Kargil. The Army must accept the fact that the media is an ally and must be treated as such . In the information age synergy with the media is a force multiplier. ________________________________________________________________________ 1 Dinesh Kumar, â€Å"Media Management Survival kit for Armed Forces† , Times of India, 24 Nov 2000. 2 Ray Arjun , Major General, Kashmir Diary, Psychology of Militancy, Manas Publications, 1997, pp113. 3 Adrianwala, op.cit. pp12 4 Natrajan V C, op. cit. pp 36. 5 Dutt J K, â€Å"Media and the Military†, The Statesman ,26 Jul 98. [1] 1 Dinesh Kumar, â€Å"Media Management Survival kit for Armed Forces† , Times of India, 24 Nov 2000. [2] Ray Arjun , Major General, Kashmir Diary, Psychology of Militancy, Manas Publications, 1997, pp113. [1] Indian Media And War Maturity Media Essay [3] Adrianwala, op.cit. pp12 [4] [5]

Juanita Plateros Chees Daughter: Characters Environment Reveals A Gr

Juanita Platero's "Chee's Daughter": Character's Environment Reveals A Great Deal About Personality A characters environment reveals a great deal about his personality. In Chee's Daughter by Juanita Platero and Siyowin Miller this theory is displayed. In this story a young Navajo Indian girl is taken from her home by her deceased mother's parents. Two different environments which reflect values and personalities are conflicting. A young traditional Navajo,Chee , and a non- traditional Navajo businessman, Old Man Fat , fight over Chee's daughter, Little One. The two distinctly different settings in this story reflect the personalities of the protagonist,Chee , and the antagonist Old Man Fat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chee's setting reflects his caring nature. He shows this by caring for the la...

Research Paper on Crohn’s Disease Essay

Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes inflammation of the lining of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea and even malnutrition. Inflammation caused by Crohn’s disease can involve different areas of the digestive tract in different people. The inflammation caused by Crohn’s disease often spreads deep into the layers of affected bowel tissue. Like ulcerative colitis, another common IBD, Crohn’s disease can be both painful and debilitating, and sometimes may lead to life-threatening complications. Although it may involve any part of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus, it most commonly affects the last part of the small intestine (ileum) and/or the large intestine (colon and rectum). Any age group may be affected, but the majority of patients are young adults between 16 and 40 years old. Crohn’s disease occurs most commonly in people living in northern climates. It affects men and women equally and appears to be common in some families. About 20 percent of people with Crohn’s disease have a relative, most often a brother or sister, and sometimes a parent or child, with some form of inflammatory bowel disease. Patients with Crohn’s disease can feel pain; the condition makes the intestines empty frequently, resulting in diarrhea. Crohn’s disease is not contagious, but it does have a slight genetic (inherited) tendency. An x-ray study of the small intestine may be used to diagnose Crohn’s disease. The exact cause of this disease is unknown. Crohn’s disease symptoms will often vary depending on which part of the gut is affected. When the wall of the affected part of the gut is inflamed, the patient may experience the following symptoms: Pain – the level of pain varies according to the patient, and where the inflammation is in the gut. Most commonly, pain will be felt at the lower-right side of the abdomen; because the majority of inflammations are locate in the ileum (lower end of the small intestine).Ulcers in the gut – ulcers are raw areas in the gut that may bleed. If they do bleed the patient may notice blood in his/her stools .Mouth ulcers – mouth ulcers are commonly experienced by people with Crohn’s disease. Diarrhea – can be mild to very severe. Sometimes there may be mucus, blood. The patient may want to go and find there is nothing to pass. Fatigue – patients with Crohn’s disease may  sometimes feel extremely tired. Fever is also possible during fatigue. Altered appetite – generally, people with Crohn’s disease have periods when their appetite is very low. Weight loss – this is common, especially when the patient experiences loss of appetite. Anemia – if the patient is losing blood there is a risk of anemia. Rectal bleeding and anal fissures – when the skin of the anus becomes cracked there will be anal fissures. These may become painful and can bleed. There is no â€Å"cure† for Crohn’s disease, but medical therapy with one or more drugs provides a means to treat early Crohn’s disease and relieve its symptoms. The most common drugs prescribed are corticosteroids, such as prednisone and methylprednisolone, and various anti-inflammatory agents. The main treatment for Crohn’s disease is medicine to stop the inflammation in the intestine and medicine to prevent flare-ups and keep the individual in remission. Treatment may include medications, surgery, nutrition supplementation, or a combination of these options; these are some of the medications used in the treatment: Anti-inflammation medications, Cortisone or steroids, Immune system suppressors, Biological therapies, Antibiotics, Anti-diarrheal medications and fluid replacements. Children with Crohn’s disease may need high-calorie liquid formulas, especially if their growth is being affected. The majority of Crohn’s disease patients will nee d surgery at some time. When medications no longer control symptoms the only solution sometimes is to operate. Surgery can relieve symptoms that did not respond to medication, or to correct complications, such as abscess, perforation, bleeding, and blockage. Removing part of the intestine can help, but it does not cure Crohn’s disease. Inflammation often returns to the area next to where the affected part of the gut was removed. Some Crohn’s disease patients may require more than one operation during their lives. Hypnotherapy is a healing approach that creates a state of deep relaxation and heightened concentration. A report published in 2000 indicates that hypnotherapy shows promise as a means of improving immune function and relieving symptoms in people with Crohn’s disease In a 2004 study, patients with mild to moderately active Crohn’s disease had a decrease in disease activity after receiving 10 sessions of acupuncture (a needle-based therapy long used to treat inflammatory bowel disease in traditional Chinese  medicine). In addition to taking medications an d making dietary changes, certain lifestyle changes may help those with Crohn’s disease. Living with the condition often means making changes such as quitting the use of tobacco products and reducing stress. People with Crohn’s disease may also benefit from receiving counseling or support. your diet to control your symptoms. You might need to: Limit dairy products, try low-fat foods Experiment with how much protein and fiber you eat avoid problem â€Å"gassy† foods and eat smaller and more frequent meals. Many people with Crohn’s are lactose intolerant. Luckily, there’s a great dairy alternative: almond milk, which is made from ground-up almonds and can be fortified to contain as much calcium as regular milk. Exercise helps people with Crohn’s disease, both in terms of maintaining health and reducing stress. Exercise is considered safe for people with Crohn’s disease, but anyone with a chronic illness should talk to their doctor before starting a new exercise or fitness regimen. It is especially important for people with Crohnâ⠂¬â„¢s disease to drink water before and during exercise to prevent dehydration. Avoid extreme changes in body temperature during exercise. Citations Wong, C. (2012, September 19). Natural Remedies for Crohn’s Disease. Alternative Medicine – Everything You Need to Know About Alternative Medicine. Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http://altmedicine.about.com/od/crohnsdisease/a/crohns_alttherapies.htm N.P. (2009, May 28). â€Å"What Is Crohn’s Disease? What Causes Crohn’s Disease?.† Medical News Today. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151620.php. Ehrlich, S. (2012, December 31). Crohn’s disease. University of Maryland Medical Center | Home. Retrieved January 15, 13, from http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/crohns-disease-000043.htm

Marie Curie - Mother of Modern Physics

Marie Curie - Mother of Modern Physics Marie Curie was the first truly famous woman scientist in the modern world.  She was known as the  Mother of Modern Physics for her pioneer work in research about radioactivity, a word she coined. She was the first woman awarded a Ph.D. in research science in Europe  and the first woman professor at the Sorbonne. Curie discovered and isolated polonium and radium, and established the nature of radiation and beta rays. She won Nobel Prizes in  1903 (Physics) and 1911 (Chemistry) and was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize, and the first person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific disciplines. Fast Facts: Marie Curie Known For: Research in radioactivity and discovery of polonium and radium. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize (Physics in 1903), and the first person to win a second Nobel Prize (Chemistry in 1911)Also Known As: Maria SklodowskaBorn: November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, PolandDied: July 4, 1934 in Passy, FranceSpouse: Pierre Curie (m. 1896-1906)Children: Irà ¨ne and ÈveInteresting Fact: Marie Curies daughter, Irà ¨ne, also won a Nobel Prize (Chemistry in 1935) Early Life and Education Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, the youngest of five children. Her father was a physics teacher, her mother, who died when Curie was 11, was also an educator. After graduating with high honors in her early schooling, Marie Curie found herself, as a woman, without options in Poland for higher education. She spent some time as a governess, and in 1891 followed her sister, already a gynecologist, to Paris. In Paris, Marie Curie enrolled at the Sorbonne. She graduated in first place in physics (1893), then, on a scholarship, returned for a degree in mathematics in which she took second place (1894). Her plan was to return to teach in Poland. Research and Marriage She began to work as a researcher in Paris. Through  her work, she met a French scientist, Pierre Curie, in 1894 when he was 35. They were married on July 26, 1895, in a civil marriage. Their first child, Irà ¨ne, was born in 1897. Marie Curie continued to work on her research and began work as a physics lecturer at a girls school. Radioactivity Inspired by work on radioactivity in uranium by Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie began research on Becquerel rays to see if other elements also had this quality. First, she discovered radioactivity in thorium, then demonstrated that the radioactivity is not a property of an interaction between elements but is an atomic property, a property of the interior of the atom rather than how it is arranged in a molecule. On April 12, 1898, she published her hypothesis of a still-unknown radioactive element, and worked with pitchblende and chalcocite, both uranium ores, to isolate this element. Pierre joined her in this research. Marie Curie and Pierre Curie thus discovered first polonium (named for her native Poland) and then radium. They announced these elements in 1898. Polonium and radium were present in very small amounts in pitchblende, along with larger quantities of uranium. Isolating the very small amounts of the new elements took years of work. On January 12, 1902, Marie Curie isolated pure radium, and her 1903 dissertation resulted in the first advanced scientific research degree to be awarded to a woman in France- the first doctorate in science awarded to a woman in all of Europe. In 1903, for their work, Marie Curie, her husband Pierre, and Henry Becquerel, were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. The Nobel Prize committee reportedly first considered giving the award to Pierre Curie and Henry Becquerel, and Pierre worked behind the scenes to ensure that Marie Curie won appropriate recognition by being included. It was also in 1903 that Marie and Pierre lost a child, born prematurely. Radiation poisoning from working with radioactive substances had begun to take a toll, though the Curies did not know it or were in denial of that. They were both too sickly to attend the 1903 Nobel ceremony in Stockholm. In 1904, Pierre was given a professorship at the Sorbonne for his work. The professorship established more financial security for the Curie family- Pierres father had moved in to help care for the children. Marie was given a small salary and a title as Chief of the Laboratory. That same year, the Curies established the use of radiation therapy for cancer and lupus, and their second daughter, Ève, was born. Ève would later write a biography of her mother. In 1905, the Curies finally traveled to Stockholm, and Pierre gave the Nobel Lecture. Marie was annoyed by the attention to their romance rather than to their scientific work. From Wife to Professor But security was short-lived, as Pierre was killed suddenly in 1906 when he was run over by a horse-drawn carriage on a Paris street. This left Marie Curie a widow with responsibility for raising her two young daughters. Marie Curie was offered a national pension, but turned it down. A month after Pierres death, she was offered his chair at the Sorbonne, and she accepted. Two years later she was elected a full professor- the first woman to hold a chair at the Sorbonne. Further Work Marie Curie spent the next years organizing her research, supervising the research of others, and raising funds. Her Treatise on Radioactivity was published in 1910. Early in 1911, Marie Curie was denied election to the French Academy of Sciences by one vote. Emile Hilaire Amagat said of the vote, Women cannot be part of the Institute of France. Marie Curie refused to have her name resubmitted for nomination and refused to allow the Academy to publish any of her work for ten years.  The press attacked her for her candidacy. Nevertheless, that same year she was appointed director of the Marie Curie Laboratory, part of the Radium Institute of the University of Paris, and of the Institute for Radioactivity in Warsaw, and she was awarded a second Nobel Prize. Tempering her successes that year was a scandal: a newspaper editor alleged an affair between Marie Curie and a married scientist. He denied the charges, and the controversy ended when the editor and scientist arranged a duel, but neither fired. Years later, Marie and Pierres granddaughter married the grandson of the scientist which whom she may have had the affair. During World War I, Marie Curie chose to support the French war effort actively. She put her prize winnings into war bonds and fitted ambulances with portable x-ray equipment for medical purposes, driving the vehicles to the front lines. She established two hundred permanent x-ray installations in France and Belgium. After the war, her daughter Irene joined Marie Curie as an assistant at the laboratory. The Curie Foundation was established in 1920 to work on medical applications for radium. Marie Curie took an important trip to the United States in 1921 to accept the generous gift of a gram of pure radium for research. In 1924, she published her biography of her husband. Illness and Death The work of Marie Curie, her husband, and colleagues with radioactivity was done in ignorance of its effect on human health. Marie Curie and her daughter Irene contracted leukemia, apparently induced by exposure to high levels of radioactivity. The notebooks of Marie Curie are still so radioactive that they cannot be handled. Marie Curies health was declining seriously by the end of the 1920s. Cataracts contributed to failing vision. Marie Curie retired to a sanatorium, with her daughter Eve as her companion. She died of pernicious anemia, also most likely an effect of the radioactivity in her work, in 1934.

Christian apologetics Essays

Christian apologetics Essays Christian apologetics Essay Christian apologetics Essay The whole question of whether Jesus was who he said he was or not in the minds of the people rests on one of the three conclusions thinking people could come to: Lord, Liar or Lunatic. Is there any other choice? Could Jesus be legend? Like a character out of science fiction or literature, Jesus could be a figment of someones imagination; rather than real life flesh and blood person. People in Jesus time most certainly had different understandings of who Jesus was, for example that He became the Son of God when God adopted Him at His baptism (Marks view perhaps? Or that He became the Son of God when He was born of a virgin (which is when He came into existence, according to Luke). Jesus as liar is harder to establish because if when Jesus made his claims he knew that he was not God, then he was lying and deliberately deceiving his followers. But, if he was a liar, then he was also a hypocrite because he taught others to be honest at whatever cost. 1 Reading the book has given me a new insight into his life and the way that he has affected the lives of the author, his son and the people who were utilize in the writing of this book. It is particularly interesting to me to consider HTH: question of whether Jesus was lord, liar or lunatic, because I had really nevi considered this question. I believe it is a suitable academic exercise that Lech me deeper into the Gospels than I had really ever ventured before and for that, this question is valuable to research. 1 Josh McDowell, Sean McDowell, More Than a Carpenter (Carol Stream, IL: Living Books, 2009) 3:30 2 Is it possible Jesus was deranged? Chapter 3, page 33 Can anyone come to the conclusion that Jesus was out of his mind? Deranged: insane, mad, disturbed, unbalanced, unhinged, unstable, irrational Certifiable. One thing is certain -? at Some point the lunacy Come: to the surface. The facade is cracked and the illness is clear. Had Jesus been insane, could he have endured the truly horrendous circumstances that took place in his life? If he was just a man, he certainly could have been afflicted with or susceptible to these human flaws and sure the insanity would have appeared at certain points in his life to throw his whole mission into question. However, the people in Jesus timer according the Gospels, seemed to accept his miracles and teachings as true at least the people who believed or wanted to believe. Had Jesus been merely a human without divine characteristics, his miracles over nature also cant be explained psychologically, and raising Lazarus from the dead after being in the tomb for a few days is not the stuff of trickery. Jesus wasnt crazy. According to Gary Collins, a psychologist with a doctorate in clinical psychology from Purdue and the author of numerous books and articles, Disturbed individuals often show signs of depression or anxiety and explosive anger. But Jesus never displays inappropriate emotions. Jesus dc get angry in the temple when he saw the misuse of the temple courtyard and the moneychangers taking advantage of the poor. In fact, Jesus seems his most composed when being challenged. All and all, I just dont see signs that Jesus was suffering from any known mental illness. 2 From a logical standpoint, it is my opinion that insanity is not a valid argument. In the boo the authors point to several psychiatrists who disagree that Jesus could hoax been insane based on knowledge we have in this day and age. In light of other things we know about Jesus, its hard to imagine that he was mentally disturbed, 3 according to psychiatrists Arthur Noses and Lawrence Kola from their textbook, Modern Clinical Psychiatry. Again, insanity is not a logical conclusion. It just does not make sense. Jesus spoke some of the most profound words ever spoken and they were recorded by numerous people during his time and after as well as the prophec ies before and all have endured for 2000+ years. 3 In this chapter about Jesus being Lord, Liar or Lunatic, it is interesting to me to think about these things. I have done some extra research while writing this paper and there are all different ideas about this subject, however most tend to agree that lunacy is not a really viable conclusion. 2 Gary Collins, quoted in Lee Strobes, The Case For Christ (Grand Rapids, MI: Conserved, 1998) 147 Josh McDowell, Sean McDowell, More Than a Carpenter (Carol Stream, IL: 2009) 334 4 Josh McDowell, Sean McDowell, More Than a Carpenter (Carol Stream, IL: 2009) 3:34 4 I cannot personally conclude that Jesus as a liar or a lunatic. The only other alternative is that he was and is the Christ, the Son of God, as he claimed. But in spite of the logic and evidence, many people cannot seem to bring themselves to this conclusion. Chapter 3, page 36 Why is it that people, when confronted with the evidence, cannot admit to themselves or others, that Jesus is in fact Lord and God in one; even when hey admit they dont believe Him to be liar or lunatic? In researching their book, the McDowell asked numerous people this question, Jesus, Lord, Liar or Lunatic? The answers they received were interesting because they said that overwhelmingly the question of liar and lunatic came back with an astounding, No! The question Of Lord however, was met with a confusing, Absolutely not! My question is, how can the answer to Lord be Absolutely Not! when the question of Liar and Lunatic is definite No! ? It is illogical to make these two statements. Sean and Josh McDowell point out that it was not just rabble of Jesus time hat had the opinion that Jesus was indeed Lord. It was the educated people, the non-believers and the Council of Niece, as well as the anti-Nice members who considered Jesus as Divine. According to the book, it was common thought that Jesus was and is Divine. Igniting of Antioch was quote as saying God incarnate God himself appearing in the form of man. 5 And Urinates, the Father is God and the Son is God; for He who is born of God is God. 6 In an interview with DRP. D. A. Carson, research professor of the New Testament at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in Terrified, Illinois, Lee Strobes asked Carson, What did Jesus say or do that convinces you that Jesus: is God? Carbons answer was surprising to Strobes, Jesus forgave sins. 7 When only God can forgive sins, Jesus specifically does so on a number of occasions. Jesus also considered himself sinless, another attribute of deity. After reading and re-reading this particular chapter in the book, and taking the authors at their word about the conclusions and quotes from other biblical scholars, apologists and medical professionals, it has successfully convinced me that Jesus is Lord -? not lunatic or liar. The e vidence is just too overwhelming. In my opinion, anyone with common sense has to conclude that Jesus is in fact, Lord. 5 Josh McDowell, Sean McDowell, More Than a Carpenter (Carol Stream, IL: 2009) 3:37 6 Josh McDowell, Sean McDowell, More Than a Carpenter (Carol Stream, IL: 2009) 3:38 7 Strobes, The Case for Christ, p. 157-158 6 Overall response to the book. I am always surprised when I read books like More than a Carpenter. I dont really read scholarly books to a large extent. Most of my readings are biographies, non-fiction novels and the news (which isnt necessarily truth hose days); but when read a book like More than a Carpenter, am struck by the questions these kinds of books raise with me.

Life in ancient rome Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life in ancient rome - Research Paper Example Rome was categorized into two sections the free people and the other one was the slaves ("Life in Ancient Rome"). Latin was the language of the ancient Romans. The clothing of the poor used to be from coarse dark types while the clothing of the rich used to be from white wool or linen. Ancient Romans had a simple intake of food such as nuts, salads, breads and other such types. The roman literature had been greatly influenced from the Greeks. The literary works of ancient Roman mainly consist of history of Rome (Adkins and Adkins, 374). Dome of Florence (Source: http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/image-files/brunelleschi-dome-florence.jpg) Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the young architects of Ancient Rome. Brunelleschi was highly interested in the ruins of ancient Rome. He planned to visit Rome with his friend and study the architecture of Rome. During the visit many measurements were taken by Brunelleschi and also some drawings were made by him too. Brunelleschi was inspired b y the buildings of Rome and this was useful for grooming his artistic abilities. He had studied the architecture of the Pantheon dome and this helped him in constructing the Dome of Florence. There are about 4 million bricks used for the construction of the dome. The design of the dome is in an octagonal herringbone pattern and has been constructed from materials of various types. Where there is a minimum level of curve, stones have been used in those areas as resistance would be greater this way ("Filippo Brunelleschi Italian Renaissance architect"). The dome structure is developed on a drum rather than the roof. This engineering allowed the structure to be built without scaffolding on the ground. There are shells used at the sides of the dome. These shells have the support of ribs . These ribbed reinforcements are combined with each other in a horizontal structure as well as a vertical structure and attached with this is a staircase that can be seen till the top. The dome was a sy mbol of importance for the city of Florence. It is one of the strong symbols of Renaissance as it is a main building of architecture and skilful engineering in Florence ("Brunelleschi's Dome "). It was one of the largest dome's constructed in that era. A neo gothic style has been used for the construction of the dome. Brunelleschi is buried under Florence Cathedral and many architects still come over from other places to follow his design and architectural techniques. Gates of Paradise by Lorenzo Ghiberti (Source: http://arthistory.about.com/od/special_exhibitions/l/bl_ghiberti_high_prev.htm) A public competition had taken place by a merchant of Florence for making a pair of doors. These doors had to be placed in the Florence Baptistery. Competitors of Ghiberti were Jacobo della Quercia and Brunelleschi. The theme of the competition was the Sacrifice of Abraham. Ghiberti won the competition as his work consisted of a smooth model and the surface of the work was superior to that of B runelleschi. The gates of paradise are considered as one of the masterpiece renaissance work of Lorenzo Ghiberti. The commencement of this masterpiece work had taken place in the year 1403 and it was completed by the year 1424. His work reflects upon the charm and grace of architectural work. The doors are made up of bronze and consist of 28 panels that are quarterfolded. Reflections of the Old Testament has been carved on the

History of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Art - Essay Example His originality revealed itself in abundant forms, comprising oil portraits, statue, sketch and architecture1. Circumstances of his work Blue passe His work between 1901 and 1904 introduced him to the global audience. He painted circumstantial extracts of entertainers, beggars, and prostitutes, all in tenors of blue2. He was inclined by his journey over Spain, and by the suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas, who committed suicide by firing himself in the veracious temple on February17, 1901. This dramatic event influenced his paintings greatly, with numerous paintings of the deceased. The most renowned work during this era was â€Å"self-portrait† in 1901, and â€Å"La vie† in 1903. This period in his career is referred to as the blue period. His work was submersed in blue, with this particular coloring passing on a gloomy tone. As one of the founders of modern art, the blue period marvelous manifestation of poetic refinement and subjective melancholy greatly contribu ted to the evolution of Picasso’s style from classicism to abstract art. Rose Passe Amid 1905 and 1906, his work arose to ease significantly, conveying in an idiosyncratic fawn or rose nature. The subject matter also is not as much of misery. This transformation in subject material and palette might ought to been due to his more contented conditions, for he was in a relationship with a married woman named Fernande Olivier, whom turned down his marriage proposal for she was already married, but stayed his mistress for nine years. This period ensued in a chief portrait called La Famille de Saltimbanques, or the Acrobats in 1905. This painting displays a family of entertainers on what appears like to be desolate scenery or a desert. Other significant portraits during this era include, Garcon a la Pipe 1904, La Toilette 1906, and Harlem 1906. Many experts agree that Harlem was the precursor to his famous Les Demoiselles D’Avignon. Encounter of Cubism Towards the end of 190 6, he started to splatter in a justly innovative style. He was stirred by Cezanne’s compacted portrayal of space, and working together with his friend George Braque, he arose to direct space in powerfully geometrical footings. Cezanne was not predominantly concerned in generating an impression of depth in his portrait and he abandoned the custom of perception drawing. George Braque had considered Cezanne’s method of demonstrating three dimensions. With this knowledge, he and Picasso became good friends, and by making use of numerous viewpoints, they attained the notion of representing an object as perceived from diverse views unconventionally. These efforts are the beginning of cubism. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon signifies Picasso’s epoque nerge, which was stimulated by African art and edges the first stage in Cubism, which is called analytical cubism. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, is a biased painting of five nude women in postures evocative of sexual invite. Analysts argue it is a representation of the ferocity and hostility inherent in sexuality. Rough line sketch, primeval and immature, in which the women in the painting have conventional faces and gazing eyes, depicts pure naivety of majority of women in that era. On the other hand, critics argue that Picasso envisioned it to be a very provocative image, suggesting the inborn

Financial Strategy and planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Strategy and planning - Essay Example The decision to purchase or not to purchase rights shares ultimately rest upon the company's performance like an ordinary issue purchase decision. The likely impact of rights issue upon the market value of share, earnings per share and wealth of shareholders depend on the future prospectus of the issuing company. However, unless the company performs better, it is undisputedly say that nothing will gain by the shareholders out of rights issue. This type of financing is preferred when the company needs to fianc its expansion needs and at the same time it does not like to dilute its ownership. Unlike ordinary shares, this type of shares does not offer voting rights to the holders. Therefore, preference shareholders do not have any voice or say in the company's management. Therefore, it does not result in the dilution of ownership of ordinary shareholders. However, preference share holders are entitled to a fixed periodical dividend and the repayment of principal after a stipulated period of time. This may result in a situation where the company will be left with low distributable profit and thereby reduced earnings per share. This may ultimately lead to adversely affect the market value of ordinary shares. Loan stock is a kind of fixed income security. Loan stock is issued by a company against the loan granted by another. The holder gets fixed periodical return coined as interest and principal after the maturity period. Loans stock may be of two types, namely secured and unsecured. The secured loan stock is similar to an ordinary loan for which the borrower offers collateral to guarantee the repayment of the loan. But an unsecured loan does not have any kind of collateral with it. A secured loan stock, when an entity is issued is like debenture/bonds. The issue of loan

Border and Coastal Security (Criminal Justice) Essay Example for Free

Border and Coastal Security (Criminal Justice) Essay `Hardened Border Paradox’ and `Open Border Paradox. The `Hardened Border Paradox’ refers to the situation when tougher border controls fail to achieve their objective – stop illegal migrants and smuggling. Instead, it is argued, these tougher controls create an atmosphere ripe for spread of criminal activity. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, in his written testimony before a hearing of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate noted that â€Å"draconian measures to police the border invariably provide incentives for informal arrangements and criminal conspiracies to overcome cross-border barriers to commerce and labor movements†. There appears an industry for helping illegal migrants, whereas the cooperation of law enforcement bodies is reduced when one side unilaterally pursues strict policies. The border becomes more â€Å"chaotic†, and tough regulation â€Å"creates a demand for those who are in the business of arranging the illegal crossings† (Kirkpatrick, 2004). This paradox can be resolved by combating illegal groupings and promoting cooperation at the border between authorities on both sides. The ‘Open Border Paradox’ includes the need to combat the movement of terrorists and smugglers across open borders without damaging the free flow of goods and services that benefits the economies of both nations. This paradox exists, for example, on the US-Canadian border where the flow of goods and services is in dependence on anti-terrorist measures. To overcome this paradox, authorities from both sides can create special projects targeting terrorists without jeopardizing trade flows. Kirkpatrick in his testimony points out the example of a bi-national â€Å"Integrated Border Enforcement Team (IBET)† created on the US-Canadian border to overcome smuggling in 1996. Is it cost effective to spend millions and millions of dollars in an effort to stop a handfull of people` who are bound to terrorize the United States? Counteracting the bunch of people bound to terrorize the United States is worth millions of dollars and perhaps even more. This number is commensurate with the devastating impact September 11th and other events had on the development of the American economy and national security. Efforts to combat terrorism within the United States are also costly. The negative effect of terrorist activities on the economic activities of Americans can hardly be overrated. Terrorism poses a risk to the United States and all of its business. Foreign partners contemplating a deal with US companies will be more reluctant to do so if they perceive the state as being in continuous danger of an external attack. This means loss in indirect costs from dangers to the national security, with the effect similar to that political instability in developing nations has on their ability to attract and retain direct foreign investment. The costs of failing to keep the terrorists out are therefore serious issues that have to be addressed in order to prevent the possible danger to the economy. In this way, these efforts are similar to risk management in business. The risk averted may never materialize, and all the costs seem to have sunk in vain; however, if the risk did materialize, the impact on business would have been much greater. Speaking of the need to avert a terrorist attack through anti-terrorism campaigns, one need not forget that it is not only economic prosperity that is at stake. The negative impact on the quality of lives of Americans from September 11th attacks cannot be measured in dollars alone, for here one must factor in the pain, the grief, and the fear that affected even those who only saw the attacks on TV. The government has to deliver public goods to the people, and national security is one of them. Therefore, spending large sums on anti-terrorist measures is a sound idea as long as helps to prevent the terrorists effectively from getting into the country and perpetrating their crimes.

Comparing Treatment of Death During the Renaissance and in Shakespeare’

Treatment of Death During the Renaissance and in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is arguably the most well known and well-read play in history. With its passionate and realistic treatment of universal themes of love, fate, war, and death, it’s not difficult to see why. However, most people don’t realize that there are several versions of the play, each with their own unique additions and/or changes to the plot, dialogue, and characters. After thumbing through the texts located here on this website, you can see even at a glance the distinct differences between the versions of Romeo and Juliet. This essay will explore how people dealt with death during the Renaissance in context to Shakespeare’s Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (Lamentable Tragedie.) More specifically, I will show that the added monologue in act 4, scene 5, regarding the convention of death, is consistent to the social and religious beliefs of the time period. Act IV, scene V of the Lamentable Tragedie is perhaps the most insightful scene dealing with the coping of death during the Renaissance. Previous to the scene Romeo has been banished for slaying Tybalt, and Juliet’s father has forced her to marry her betrothed Paris. In a desperate attempt to avoid the marriage and reunite Juliet with her love, the Friar gives Juliet a sleeping elixir to stage her death. Convinced that a marriage to Paris would be worse than death, Juliet takes the deathly potion and falls into a coma-like sleep. At the beginning of the scene the house is stirring with excitement in preparation for the wedding and the nurse is sent to wake the sleeping Juliet. After much calling and shaking, the nurse begins to suspect that something is wrong. Could her mistre... ...ents in such a manner, royalty reigned supreme during Shakespeare’s day and could do and speak as they saw fit. Finally, it is important to understand the historical context for which the characters were written. Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was written for an audience that had survived the destructive forces of the Black Death, and shared a different philosophy on death altogether. Works Cited Heitsch, Dorothea. â€Å"Approaching Death by Writing: Montaigne’s Essays and the Literature of Consolation.† Literature and Medicine 19, Jan. 2000: pp 1-6. Huizinga, Johan. The Waning of the Middle Ages. London: Edward Arnold, 1924. Spinrad, Pheobe. The Summons of Death on the Medieval and Renaissance English Stage. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1987. Wilcox, Helen. Women and Literature in Britain 1500-1700. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Management Types Essay

There are various management philosophies and types used in the world of business. These types of management differ from one another. In some cases, a few of these management types can be mixed together in order to create something custom for a specific requirement. Management by Objectives (MBO) is one of the frequently used management types. The popularity and the proven results are the main reasons behind everyone adopting this technique for their organization. As valid as it is for many management types, MBO is a systematic and organized approach that emphasizes the achievement of goals. In the long run, this allows the management to change the organization’s mindset to become more result oriented. The Concepts: The core aim of management by objectives is the alignment of company goals and subordinate objectives properly, so everyone in the organization works towards achieving the same organizational goal. In order to identify the organizational goals, the upper management usually follows techniques such as GQM (Goal, Questions, and Metrics). In order to set the objectives for the employees, the following steps are followed. * The management chunks down the organizational goals and assign chunks to senior managers. * Senior managers then derive objectives for them to achieve the assigned organizational goals. This is where senior managers assign the objectives to the operational management. * Operational management then chunk down their objectives and identify the activities required for achieving the objectives. These sub-objectives and activities are then assigned to rest of the staff. * When objectives and activities are assigned, the management gives strong inputs to clearly identify the objectives, time frame for completion, and tracking options. * Each objective is properly tracked and the management gives periodic feedback to the objective owner. * In most occasions, the organization defines processes and procedures in order to track the objectives and feedback. * At the end of the agreed period (usually an year), the objective achievement is reviewed and an appraisal is performed. Usually, the outcomes of this assessment are used to determine the salary increments for year ahead and relevant bonuses to employees. Activity trap is one of the issues that prevent the success of MBO process. This happens when employees are more focused on daily activities rather than the long-term objectives. Overloaded activities are a result of a vicious cycles and this cycle should be broken through proper planning. The Focus: In MBO, the management focus is on the result, not the activity. The tasks are delegated through negotiations and there is no fixed roadmap for the implementation. The implementation is done dynamically and to suit the situation. When to use MBO? Although MBO is extremely results oriented, not all enterprises can benefit from MBO implementations. The MBO is most suitable for knowledge-based enterpriseswhere the staff is quite competent of what they do. Specially, if the management is planning to implement a self-leadership culture among the employees, MBO is the best way to initiate that process. Responsibility of Individuals: Since individuals are empowered to carry out stretched tasks and responsibilities under MBO, individual responsibilities play a vital role for the success of MBO. In MBO there is a link built between the strategic thinking of the upper management and the operational execution of the lower levels of the hierarchy. The responsibility of achieving the objectives is passed from the organization to each individual of the organization. Management by objectives is mainly achieved through self-control. Nowadays, especially in knowledge-based organizations, the employees are self-managers who are able to make their own decisions. In such organizations, the management should ask three basic questions from its employees. * What should be your responsibilities?  * What information is required by you from the management and the peers? * What information should you provide the management and peers in return?