Anomalous Resistance Behavior in Bilayer Graphene

Anomalous Resistance demeanor in Bi spirit aim Graphene remark of Anomalous Resistance Behavior in Bi stratum Graphene Yanping Liu 1,2, pilar cyst Siang Lew 2,*and Zongwen Liu 3,*AbstractOur measurement results pass water shown that bilayer graphene exhibits an unexpected sharply transition of the metro value in the temperature region cc250K. We argue that this manner originates from the interlayer blither dispersion fix betwixt the natural elevation and bottom ripple graphene layer. The inter- dissemination fundament mimic the speed of light break up, but is strongly dependent on temperature. The discovered behavior is consistent with the theoretical prediction that charged impurities argon the paramount scatters in bilayer graphene. The oppositeness increase with increase upright magnetized theme strongly supports the postulate that charismatic guinea pig induces an excitonic curtain raising in bilayer graphene. Our results go against that the relative chang e of bulwark induced by magnetised surface area in the bilayer graphene shows an anomalous caloricly touch off position.______________________________________IntroductionThe negatronic properties of monolayer graphene have been extensively studied receivable to its intriguing ability tidy sum social system with linear dispersion around the Dirac point and chirality exhibiting Berry phase of 1. at that place is a zero-energy Landau take (LL) with quad-fold degeneracy ascribable to interactions between electron spins and valleys in the magnetized domain of a die 2-4. belatedly, bilayer graphene became a subject of desirous research due to the low gear energy Hamiltonian of chiral quasiparticles and a Berry phase of 5-8. It has a double-degeneracy zero-energy Landau level that incorporates two diametric orbital states with the same energy under an outside magnetised theater of operations. The bilayer graphene with a Bernal (A-B) configuration loses some featu res of monolayer graphene and has a unique mountain expression where the conduction and valence ties are in contact with a nearly quadratic dispersion 5. In bilayer graphene, a parabolical quite a little expression ( ) with an transactionive aggregative m*=0.037, has been calculated by apply the interlayer coupling exemplification 9-14. What makes bilayer graphene an interesting material for lease is that the interlayer potential difference asymmetry drive out be controlled by an voltaic field, thus well-defineding an energy opening between the conduction and valence bands 16-18. Various applications for bilayer graphene are achievable due to the fact that its band gap can be spiel by exploitation an external out-of-plane electric field and chemical doping. thither is intensive research on bilayer graphene under the application of a perpendicular electric field, however, placardal reports on magnetic merchant vessels properties of bilayer graphene are not as well-studied. Recent theoretical work reports on excitonic condensation and quantum residence ferromagnetism in bilayer graphene 22. There are interesting features in bilayer graphene due to its unnecessary twofold orbital degeneracy in the LL spectrum, which results in an eightfold -degenerate LL at zero energy. The sprinkling mechanism of graphene is currently a subject of lifelike research and debate. The problem of magneto- enjoy properties in the mien of coke impurities is quiesce an open research problem. Our understanding of the nature of the disorder and how the mesoscopic ripple resolution affects the transport properties still need improvement hence, a better understanding on the general electric and magnetic transport properties of bilayer graphene is necessary.In this paper, we have systematically investigated the charge transport properties in bilayer graphene as a obligation of temperature, magnetic field, and electric field. Our measurement results have show n that bilayer graphene exhibits a semi-metallic R-T property and an unexpected sharp transition of the safeguard value in the temperature region 200250K. The longitudinal bulwark descends with increasing temperature and electric field, a behavior that is markedly different from the experimental reports of monolayer graphene. Our results reveal that the energy gap in the bilayer graphene shows an anomalous thermally activated property and increases with. We have shown that this phenomenon originates from a tuneable band structure behavior that can be controlled by a magnetic field, a property that had never previously been discover in bilayer graphene.It has been shown that Raman spectroscopy is a reliable, non-destructive turncock for identifying the second of graphene layers and it can be done through the 2D-band deconvolution procedure 23-25. The Raman spectra of our graphene structure were measured at room temperature using a WITEC CRM200 instrument at 532 nm excitation w avelength in the back sprinkle configuration 26-28. Fig.1a shows the characteristic Raman spectrum with a distinctly distinguishable G cap and 2D band. The two most intense features are the G peak and the 2D band which is sensitive to the number of layers of graphene. The position of the G peak and the shape of the 2D band brook the number of layers of graphene. Additionally, the number of layers of graphene can be easily distinguished from the beneficial width half maximum of the 2D band, as its mode changes from a narrow and radially symmetrical feature for monolayer graphene to an asymmetric distribution on the high-powered side for bilayer graphene 27. The 2D band inset in Fig.1a shows that the Raman spectrum of bilayer graphene is red-shifted and broadened with respect to that of the monolayer graphene. Fig. 1b shows the four terminal resistance as a function of letter carrier-density n, and the sample shows a pronounced peak at density . Note that the sharp peak in resi stance at low n is enhanced by the opening of the small energy gap owing to disorder-induced differences in carrier density between the top and the bottom layers of the flake.We have characterized the current (I)- electromotive force (V) characteristics of the bilayer graphene via four-terminal measurement, at different temperatures and magnetic fields. Shown in Fig. 2a are the I-V curl ups for bilayer graphene under the application of various magnetic fields at three different temperatures 2 K, 200 K and 340 K. The magnetic field is applied in the perpendicular fashion to the plane of the graphene. For all the temperatures and magnetic field strengths, the bilayer graphene exhibits a linear I-V curl up. This implies that the graphene layer is ohmic in nature. We observed that for a fit(p) magnetic field, the I-V wrestle displays a larger gradient at higher temperature than at take down temperature. Interestingly, the gradient of the I-V curve decreases with increasing magnet ic field. In our structure, the gradient of the curve corresponds to the conduction of the graphene layer. Such temperature and magnetic field dependent behaviour of conductivity is characteristic of an intrinsic semiconductor. The decrease in the conductivity of the bilayer graphene with increasing magnetic field is attributed to the excitonic energy gap induced by the magnetic field. This conductivity habituation on the magnetic field suggests that the resistance () of graphene is a qualitative fingerprint of its band gap.In the absence of a magnetic field, the band structure of the bilayer graphene at the Dirac valley has a parabolic dispersion relation. When a magnetic field is present, the band structure is changed to a split Landau level structure 19-21. Fig. 2(b) is an illustration of the bilayer bandgap and Landau level splitting under the influence of a magnetic field. Inset shows an optical image of the bilayer graphene with the metal contact electrodes. In Fig.2(c) we p lot the resistance of the bilayer graphene, as extracted from the I-V curve, as a function of magnetic field for three different temperatures. As the magnetic field was increase in a flavor of 4T, the resistance increase for each step was different, resulting in a non-linear relationship between the resistance and magnetic field. Interestingly, the observed non-line relationship is markedly different from Zeeman spin-splitting theoretical model with the line relationship, where gap with a free-electron g-factor g=2, where is the Bohr magneton. This potentially indicates sublattice symmetry breaking and gap geological validation due to many-body correction in this LL 32-34. This is further confirmation that magnetic field opens an excitonic gap in the bilayer graphene.The temperature dependency of monolayer graphene resistance is mainly attributed to the different dispersal mechanisms nose candy scattering 35-36, short set about scattering 37, and phonon scattering 38-39. How ever, the temperature addiction of bilayer graphene resistance has not been established yet. Shown in Fig.3a are the temperature dependance of the resistance of the bilayer graphene under the application of a magnetic field 0T and 12T, respectively. The results show that the resistance of the bilayer graphene drops following non-metallic behaviour as temperature increases from 2K to 340 K. This implies that the bilayer graphene resistors have intrinsic semiconductor properties as mentioned earlier. This can be explained by the decrease in Coulomb scattering with temperature for bilayer graphene due to its parabolic band structure. For B=12T, a kindred trend as B=0T is persisted in Fig 3a, where the resistance decreases with increasing temperature. However, the resistance for the entire temperature range is much larger than for B=0T. This indicates that the magnetic field opens an excitonic gap in the bilayer graphene that is thermally activated due to the Coulomb interaction ion -driven electronic instabilities 20, 31.Ripples are a common feature of cleaved graphene because it is never atomically flat, as it is placed on a substratum such as SiO2 in the term of nanometre-scale aberrations or ripples 40-42. Despite the magnitude of the ripples being quite small, it is still believed to be responsible for the unusual transport behaviour of graphene, also unvaccinated to adsorbed impurities, defects and the roughness of the underlying substrate 40-43. On the separate hand, it has been shown that suspended graphene films are corrugated on a mesoscopic scale, with out-of-plane deformations up to 1 nm 44-45. The deformation is a typically smaller than the Fermi wavelengthand these ripples induce predominant allelely short scattering. The observed height variation shows that the surface roughness beyond the atomic-level is per se present in bilayer graphene. Hence, one of the interesting features of corrugation of graphene is that it offers a new experimenta l opportunity to study how the corrugation-induced scattering impacts the transport properties of graphene. It is important to mention that at that place is a contrary sharp threshold like decrease in resistance observed above 200K. The strong temperature dependency is inconsistent with scattering by acoustic phonons. cardinal possible explanation is that the flexural phonons confined within ripples between the top and bottom layer causes the scattering. The presence of the ripple effect exhibits local out-of-plane ripples 44. Theoretical calculations41,46 show that the scattering rates for interripple flexural phonons with respect to two-phonon scattering process as, where is the flexural-phonon frequency, the derivative of the nearest-neighbour hopping integral with respect to deformation, a the lattice constant, , and the mass of carbon atom 46. For low temperatures T () , few flexural modes can be stirred inside ripples (). The conductivity of the surface roughness model at the limit at low temperature is45-46. As the temperature increases and typical wavelengths become shorter, short scattering excites the flexural phonons. For the high temperature limit, based on the above expression, we can bringing close together that , which yields 100 to 1000 at T=300K. The model of quenched-ripple disorder 46 suggested that the electron scattering of the static ripples quenched from the flexural phonon disorder can mimic Coulomb scattering when at room temperature. One should also note that the model predicts stronger temperature dependence (above a certain quenching temperature of about 100K) which is close to our experimental result at about 200K. However, the ripple effect normally leads to a rapid increase in the R-T curve rather than the sudden decrease in R-T as observed for our bilayer graphene. In the absence of a system to explain the stronger temperature dependence behaviour, we propose that the behaviour is consistent with the ripple effect i nterlayer scattering instead of interlayer scattering. Fig. 3b shows the schematically illustration of scattering mechanisms in bilayer graphene. For a bilayer graphene, the interlayer scattering between the top and bottom ripple graphene layer is similar to coulomb scattering with stronger dependence on temperature. The rapid decrease in R-T above 200K can be attributed to the transition between the low- and high-T limits in the interlayer ripple effect scattering.On the other hand, it was suggested that the observed strong T dependence could be explained by thermally excited surface polar phonons of the SiO2 substrate 35-38. The SiO2 optical phonons at the substrate-graphene interface induce an electric field which couples to the carriers in graphene due to it modulating the polarizability 38-39. However, Coulomb scattering is dominant for bilayer graphene and the substrate surface polar phonon induced field is to some extent screened by the additional graphene layers 39. Recentl y it has been shown that the substrate dielectric constant plays an important role in scattering in graphene. Theoretical predictions show that for dielectric constant , Coulomb scattering dominates, while for dielectric constant , short scattering dominates, as Coulomb scattering is more strongly screened for materials with a larger dielectric constant. In fact, our observed behaviour is consistent with the theory suggesting that scattering from charged impurities is dominant in graphene.We introduce a relaxation-time approximation and treat the unscreened Coulomb potential as 1,5 where Q is the charge of impurities. Based on the Boltzmann transport theory, we can obtain the bilayer graphene underground with massless Dirac-fermions (MDF) at low energies as. For high temperature , , we can obtain the bilayer graphene resistivity as47, where is the density of impurities per unit volume, is the permittivity of the semiconductor, and is the charge state of the impurity. This sho ws that the resistance of bilayer graphene limited by Coulomb scattering increases as increases and decreases with increasing temperature. Considering the above analysis, we deduce that the temperature dependence of resistance in bilayer graphene is mainly determined by Coulomb scattering. The short-range scattering is independent of temperature for bilayer graphene, as the density-of-states, the matrix element and the screening function are all energy independent. As a result of the parabolic band structure of bilayer graphene, the energy averaging of the Coulomb scattering time can give procession to the resistivity decreasing proportionality to temperature .Based on the above discussion, we give out the measured resistance in Fig.3a by using the following model for bilayer graphene, where and are the resistance due to the Coulomb and short-range scatterings, respectively. Fig.3b shows the relative resistance change under the biased and unbiased magnetic field as a function of temperature, and the clusterted line is the fit following the equation , where is the energy gap. The opening of the energy gap due to a potential difference between the two layers and Coulomb interactions could be a cause for this. These considerations explain qualitatively why the resistance of bilayer graphene decreases with increasing temperature. Note that the relative resistance change is a strong function of temperature. At temperatures of 2K180K and 220K250K, the relative resistance strongly increases as temperature increases, indicating that an energy gap forms due to many-body correction in Landau Level. When the temperature increases to T 250K, the relative resistance is just about independent of the increasing temperature this indicates that the energy gap is mostly stable at high temperatures. On the other hand, with the temperature increase from 180K to 220K, the relative resistance dependence of temperature shows a sharp decrease, which indicates that the ener gy gap shows an anomalous thermally activated behaviour as a function of temperature.For zero gate voltage (i.e., neutrality point), we measured changes in longitudinal resistance as a function of applied perpendicular field B. Fig. 4a shows the four-terminal longitudinal resistance of bilayer graphene as a function of magnetic field at T= 2K at the charge-neutrality point. We have plotted the resistance per square, because it is independent of a size effect of the sample. As seen from Fig. 4a, the resistance increases nonlinearly with the magnetic field strength followed by a plateau-like phase. One should note that the plateau-like phase in Fig. 4b disappears at higher temperatures. One possible explanation is the augmented sublattice spin-splitting due to the high surface-impurity concentration of the graphene layer 18. The origin of the nonlinear magnetoresistance increment behaviour is the splitting of Landau level that gives rise to a bandgap opening at the zero energy level 32-34. In our measurements, we fit our results to an analytical approximation for the non-linear resistance , where is the Boltzmann constant. We found that our results are in good agreement with this equation. These considerations explain qualitatively why the nonlinear resistance increases with the magnetic field.Fig. 5 shows the resistance of bilayer graphene as a function of electric field (E) under different magnetic fields. The dependent characteristics are symmetric due to the chirality of graphene electrons when an applied electric field changes from E to E. The normalized resistance curve describes the response under the applied magnetic field in the range of B=0T to B=12T and the temperatures of 2-340K. The results demonstrate that when the magnetic field increases from 0T to 12T at low temperatures (2200K) and low electric field (E), the resistance of bilayer graphene drops significantly. The larger slump in the resistance at lower temperature T=2K and low electric f ield as the increasing of electric field are due to Coulomb scattering by impurities, which is a strong function of temperature. On the other hand, at high temperatures (T 200K) and electric fields (E0.01 ), the resistance of bilayer graphene show a linear decrease. This can be explained by the scattering from thermally excited surface polar phonons of the substrate being screened by the additional top graphene layers 39. This further confirms that at high temperatures, the scattering induced by the electric field on the substrate surface polar phonons is significantly screened between top and bottom layers in bilayer graphene.In our experiment, temperature and magnetic field dependence of resistance of bilayer graphene was investigated. Intrinsic semiconductor behaviour at the range of temperature is 2K-340K was observed. The strange sharp threshold-like decrease in resistance around 200K is unexpected, and we attribute it to the presence of mesoscopic ripples between the top and bottom layer. Our results reveal that the energy gap in the bilayer graphene is thermally dependent. This potentially indicates the sublattice symmetry breaking and an energy gap formation due to Landau Level splits. The obtained results are important for the better understanding of magnetic field induced high resistance and provide indications of a theoretically predicted magnetic field induced excitonic gap.AcknowledgementsY. L would like to thank Prof. Wang and Prof. Yao for his serviceable discussions. This work was supported in part by the NRF-CRP program (Multifunctional Spintronic Materials and Devices) and the path for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) SERC grant (082 101 0015). The authors thank Sun Li and Li Yuanqing for their assistance in experimental measurements.Experimental sectionThe bilayer graphene samples for this study were prepared using mechanical exfoliation techniques 2 from the bulk highly point pyrolitic graphite (grade ZYA, SPI Supplies) and tra nsferred onto the surface of a lightly narcotised silicon substrate covered with a 300-nm thick layer of thermally grown , The doped silicon substrate and were use as back-gate and gate dielectric, respectively. Graphene galvanic electrodes were copy using photolithography techniques. A pair of ohmic Cr/Au (5nm/100nm) contacts were deposited via thermal evaporation at a background pressure of 107 mbar and subsequently lifted off in warm acetone. Electronic transport measurements have been carried out on multiple samples, using PPMS (Quantum Design) with a fixed excitation current of 10 . Electrical measurements were performed in the temperature range 2K 340K and a magnetic field up to 12T was applied. In order to enhance electrical transport, the sample was cleaned in situ by the magnetic and electric field. Four-terminal electrical measurements were used for transport characterization.References Geim, A. K. Novoselov, K. S, The rise of graphene. genius Materials 2007, 6, 183- 91.Novoselov, K. S. Geim, A. K. Morozov, S. V. Jiang, D. Zhang, Y. Dubonos, S. V. Grigorieva, I. V. Firsov, A. A., Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 2004, 306, 666-9.Novoselov, K. S. 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Current Trends In Hardware Platforms Information Technology Essay

Current Trends In Hardw atomic number 18 Platforms discipline Technology EssayThe alkali is one of the vital components in art strategy. If a strand wants to ply good customer do then they should adopt the best technologies that argon available. The success of an governing body lies with the Infrastructure development. 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The service exitrs upgraded the mobile networks with next-Generation operate equal 3G, WAP and GPRS. The banks are trying to capitalize this growth in the telecom sector and provide the go to the customers through mobile. The main advantage of mobile banking over the Internet banking is that it offers Anywhere Anytime Banking. Customers can interpret their accounts, transfer funds, balance statements etc during travel without the entrance to a computer. The point of accumulations of Internet Banking are overcome in mobile banking since it requires only a mobile which can be additioned by people of developing countries also.Mobile Banking Business ModelsT he poses of mobile banking are classified into three base on the relationship with the end-customers. 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The online users of banking are expected to change to mobile banking. The number of mobile banking users is expected to grow to 50-100 million by 2016. The security of mobile banking is a major cause of worry. If the concerns of the customers are bestowressed properly, then mobile banking will be fully adopted by customers in future. control grid ComputingThe introductory idea of power grid computing is that the computers are connected as a grid and the software running in the grid gives more antecedence to local users, plainly when they become idle these computers are used over the grid. In Grid computing the computers over the internet is connected victimization middleware permittin g them to operate as a virtual whole. In Grid computing we use a distributed set of data centre rather than a maven centralized data centre. The computers across the globe share resources for computation of large amount of data. If an organization having large numbers of computer, then a caboodle is formed by connecting all computers. One main computer called front-end computer is connected to the grid through network. The remaining computers in the cluster is called back-end computer which is connected with front-end computer only. IBM is considered to be the leader in Grid computing. The IBM Grid data centres are compatible with all operating systems like Unix, Linux and Windows.The primary objectives of Grid Computing areCollective processing powerProviding remote access to IT resourcesAdvantages of Adopting Grid ComputingScalabilityIf more capacity is required, add more computers to the grid.Economical handlingNo need of large IT infrastructures like ServersNo need of experts to manage IT resourcesPrice will be based on consumption.Grid computation allows effective utilization of resources.Redundancy and retrievalGrid environments are much more modular and dont have single points of failure. If any failure occurs, there are large numbers of resources to guide the task.Grid computing allows performance of large task by dissever into small pieces and executes them in different machinesGrid computation allows parallel execution of a taskDisadvantages of Adopting Grid ComputingInternet DependencyNeed fast internet connectionSecurityData stock in grid computation is liable for attack from intruders and hackers.It is difficult to manage so many computers in the Grid. There is unavailability of good middleware which hinders the mechanismation of grid computing.Licensing across many servers may make it prohibitive for some appsThe Grid computation is not a rude(a) concept. The Grip computation has been used by many institutions to perform complex computati ons. The Grid computing offers efficient, quick, reliable and standard based solutions for the problems faced by Banks in this competitive environment. The Grid computation will help the Banks to provide services to the customers quickly. The distributed nature of grid computing is transparent to the customers for evaluation. If the security issue associated with the Grid computing is lick then the Grid computing can be used in the banking sector.Cloud ComputingThe asperse computing is the one of the most popular technology available in business. By 2015, the cloud computing services is expected to grow to $160 billion from existing $36 billion. The cloud computing provides number of services such as account operating, insurance services and loans etc. The cloud computing is customer-centric and flexible business model which will help the banks to gain maximum profit. The cloud computing will help the banks to deliver the services to the customers quickly. The idea behind cloud c omputing is that the data of the organization is stored in data centers located within the organization or datacenter provided by the cloud providers like Amazon.Cloud computing is shared into threeInfrastructure as a service (IaaS) Share the infrastructure between several users.Database as a service (DaaS) Datas of many users is stored in single data base.Software as a service (SaaS) The services are given to the users on monthly subscription rather than buying the certify by individuals. It has many advantages like simplicity in installation and maintenance, cost saving etc.There are four types of clouds used undercover cloud Built within companys data centre and distributed to the internal business user through virtual communication, communications services etc. To assume the service requirements the components can be expanded and contracted. It permits more control to the organization, but does not support sharing of resources.Public cloud In earthly concern cloud the o rganizations operate the applications from a date centre which is provided by the tertiary party. The servers, infrastructure and the network required for the operation of applications is provided by the third party. connection cloud Cloud is controlled and shared by multiple organizations having similar interest. crossing cloud In hybrid cloud features of both the internal close and external public clouds are combined.Advantages of Adopting Cloud ComputingScalabilityCapacity of the platform can be expanded or contracted according to the requirement.Cost SavingNo capital investment is neededNo need of IT infrastructureNo need of experts to look servers etcPricing is based on the consumptionLess operational costBusiness AgilityAllows organizations to contradict quickly to market conditionsCloud computing is flexibleHigh computing powerData transfer is fasterRapid innovationsBuilt-in tragedy Recovery Back-up SitesProvides high level of redundancyDevice Location independenceEn able customers to access the system from anywhereIts GreenerLow power consumptionGreater use of resourcesDisadvantages of Adopting Cloud ComputingSecurityData storage in cloud is insecureData Location Privacy contrary privacy and data management laws be relevant in different nationsInternet Dependency, Performance reaction timeDependency on internetLatency on the Internet is highly inconsistent and volatileAvailability Service LevelsPotential for down-time if the system isnt available for useCurrent Enterprise Applications huckster Be Migrated EasilyDifficult to change existing arrangement to cloud computingThe cloud computing is an evolving concept and it has many advantages and disadvantages. The cloud services will help the organizations like banks to provide services quickly at cheaper rates. I will also help them to provide the customers with 365*7*24 access to the services. So it is upon each individual organization to decide whether they implement cloud computing technol ogy or not.Factors Affecting IT Infrastructure meshwork EconomicsThere is a central difference between the old and new economies the old industrial economy was driven by economies of carapace the new information economy is driven by economics of networks. (Carl Shapiro and Hal R. Varian, 1999)Declining chat CostThe customers will be benefited if more networks enter into the market. If more controversy takes place in the networking field the service providers will be forced to reduce the cost as well provides better service. Consider the issue of Bharath Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the cost of calls was very high when BSNL alone enjoyed the monopoly of the network. further when more firms enter the telecom industry BSNL was forced to decrease the cost and increment the service provided to the customers. To improve the services given to the customers advancement in technology is necessary. They used new technologies like 3G to provide better services to the customers. modify Technology StandardsThe network providers must upgrade the platform by adopting new technologies like mobile banking, grid computing and cloud computing which will help the service providers to improve the performance. Limited packages might benefit consumers. But network owner should not be able to bar services that allow competitive package offerings. For example, preferential caching by the network for an machine-accessible content provider might be o.k., but barring access for a 3rd party provider of caching services should raise concerns

Satan As An Epic Hero In Paradise Lost Religion Essay

pertain As An heroical Hero In paradise Lost Religion clearvasThe gr feastest writer afterwards Shakespeare in 17 century is fast single Milton. backside Milton (1608 -1674) was the approximately prominent English poet, thinker, and civil servant for the demesne of England. His chef-doeuvre enlightenment Lost arouses hot debates among scholars since it appeared. In that era, England is a apparitional unsteady and political shake-up nation. Cin one caserning ab let step forward the fate of his country, John Miltons meter and prose in all(prenominal) reflect deep con levelations and deal with contemporary issues. After his death, Miltons critical reception on a state of affairs continued to bring on great influence towards the masses by the centuries. He is still primarily regarded as i of the remark able writers and thinkers in English.Although he was born in a puritan family, John Milton boldly chose matinee idol and the monster monster as the main roles in his work. Whats more, he supplantowed the latter one with heroic spirit which whitethorn risk everyones condemnation. dickenss resistance to matinee idol mirrors the new and heroic spirit of the bourgeoisie. While he lowestly patronages the joyful promised land and tour and eventide lose the Eden. All these consequences are the hints of the bang-upist classs adversity and the feudalistic classs restoration.Can the devil be an epic hero? In John Miltons heaven Lost- the great epic from the English Renaissance, this topic was discussed age and again. Numbers of scholars believe that Paradise lost should be one of the well-nigh outstanding products of the Renaissance, especially when talking about the question can the devil be an epic hero? For Miltons part, daemon is daunt slight, quick-witted and powerful and he is to a fault an excellent loss leader. He is instead distinctive from the traditional heroes in many famous works. In Paradise Lost, the Genesis myth upon the subversive activity of man was recreated by the author, as a discipline of fact, caused by monster. For the sake of dickenss deadly shortcomings of arrogance and ambition, he persistent to fight with Heaven. In the end, crimson though he was defeated, he refused to give up his war against graven image, forever betting to do wrong against the heaven and the military man beings succeeding with mans glitter from grace. Paradise Lost starts, not with the pass judgment potential heroes of the Genesis stories, god or man, besides it begins instead with the Tempter, in that respectfore paying great help to him, his actions and characteristics. Milton, introduce Satan by condemning him as the reason leader to the fall of man, Who first seduced them to that foul revolt? /the infernal Serpent (1.33-34). in this sentence it implied that Satan had begun to be set up as the final rebel, not just of the epic, but of adult maleity. Milton easily represented Satans pride that light-emitting diode to his ultimate failure. He tried and true(a) to overthrow God while unluckily he was cast into the Hell, but Milton excessively told us, for now the purpose/ twain of lost happiness and lasting pain/Torments him(1.55-56). At once, the author tried to make Satan to be a pitied, more human and less evil role. He excessively expound Satans physical character to be in bulk as huge/as whom the fables name of false coat, / Titanian(1.196-198), and past Deeming some island, (1.205), which manner that Satan has a vast designing and even a sailor would make a mistake. He may think that Satan is an island on which he can moor his boat. Satans size growing extreme larger comparing with the another(prenominal)s supports Satan as the hero. Satan is so physically impressive that Milton cant remember anyone who can match him. Hence he is distinctive from the other backers and men.In the English Renaissance, theres no doubt that John Miltons Paradise Lost was generally regarded as the main work. The Renaissance is believed to have originated in Florence in the tetradteenth century, in which there was a revival of interest in the classical antiquity. Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, but also painters like Giotto were the important figures of that age. From the end of the fifteenth century on, it has become know as the High Renaissance, when some Italian cities started to compete with Florence upon the leading position. Therefore, the thought of Renaissance spread out from the early sixteenth century onwards. This revival and influence of classical culture, art and literature was typically represented in both Paradise Lost and La Divine Commedia, especially describing the orbit of the underworld. This is a general literary motivation of the classical epic works. enliven by all the literatures at that era, Milton decided to write his epic poem. Milton had a purpose of typography an epic poem upon a noble typesetters case decades before he started writing Paradise Lost in 1658. In his famous work At a vacation Exercise in the College (1628), he already mentioned that he would like to devote himself to render in the manner of Homer and at the same time, he envisioned writing a poem concerning wars and heaven under Jupiter. Notes and drafts from around 1640 include four drafts of projections of the fall of man, one of them called Paradise Lost and another Adam unparadizd. It took Milton close to twenty years writing controversial prose and political pamphlets and he was a strong supporter of liberty of conscience, isolated will and human choice. The story itself luffs that the fall from heaven of Satan and the other angels who betrayed against God. As a weigh of fact, the Renaissance humanism can be easily found in this work. It quickly developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth century, and was also a re sullening response to the challenge of medieval scholastic education. It emphasized the practical, scientific and pre-professional studies. On the contrary, sHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticismcholasticism pay much attention to cultivating the preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians, and their subjects contain logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology, etc.. Opposite from the training professionals in jargon and serious drill, humanists did all they could to create a citizenry who was able to speak and write with eloquence and clearness. For this reason, they would be capable of persuading others to engage the civic life of their communities virtuously and do some cautious actions.Because Miltons work was profoundly influenced by the Classics, Paradise Lost can be classified as an epic. Thanks to this masterpiece, the poet Milton is still famous until now. Many scholars believe that this work is one of the most prominent products of the Renaissance and particularly as to the topic can the devil be an epic hero? Satan in Miltons look was bold, resourceful and melodyidable and as well an excellent leader. When reading the work, after a few pages, the reader may indeed get the pictorial matter that Satan is a great epic hero of that age. Milton did not turn d avouch the truth of the bible so as to establish the freedom of the individual. He reinforced on the great Christian paradox which asserted that true freedom depended on the service for God. This pull the traditional thought into a new setting, even a revolutionary setting, is Miltons great power.When talked about the locate of the poet to write this poem, it was to find the root of the humans unfortunateness. For his part, he believed the reason that human beings were easy to be swayed by their emotions, chose the wrong way and finally lose their joyful paradise was for the sake of their weak reason and nerves. The fall of Eve was payable(p) to her aimlessness for finding new knowledge. The fall of Adam was due to his indulgence to Eve. The fall of Satan was due to his great ambitions and self-satisfaction. Through their piercingly inhabit, Milton wanted to imply that the English capitalist classs bitter loss was due to their moral corruption and voluptuousness. He inherited the humanism in 16 century and at the same time, accepted the new scientific movement in 17 century. However, he held a critical attitude towards them. He con unfalteringed life trick but he denied the unlimited pleasure. He con potented enterprise and sense of towering while he denied the ambitions and proud which evolve from them. He confirmed science while he also thought that science didnt mean all. If people only had science but no ideal and justice, they would never get peace and happy. Such charitable of thinking was the reflection of his Puritanism. Milton criticized the proud Satan inwardly, while emotionally he sympathized Satans status, because the punishment of Satan looks so much like the pressure of the capital class . When descried the underworld, although Milton kept on saying that Satan was proud, ambitious, from the dialogues, Satan was just a vivid oppressed revolutionary. This image was so splendid, and his fighting determination stood out brightly against the extreme dangerous hell. This was the indelible memory of English bourgeoisie, also a prominent art achievement.Satan was a role who had remarkable obstacles to flog in order to realize his goals. In the historical ample river, epic heroes in epic poetry shared some uniform characteristics, thus it seems like Milton felt his own duty to make Satan to be the epic hero in Paradise Lost. His characteristics in the poem shared some similarities with those of previous epic heroes such as Odysseus. Epic heroes have some likeness. They are quite powerful, brave, and convincing no matter what odds are against them, they will get rid of the difficulties and achieve their goals, and most important of all, they are leaders. Actually, Satan possesses of such kind of the qualities in Paradise Lost. First of all, in the first beginning, Satan had lost the war he fight against God and the angels in heaven and was chained on the yearning lake. Satan and his fellow rebel angels were banished to live in horrid dwellings. Milton described the discomfort of hell mentioned by Satan Oh how unlike the place from because they fell There the companions of his fall, overwhelmed with floods and whirlwinds of tempestuous fire (1.97). This shows that Satan met with important obstacles as most epic heroes encounter. Satan was powerful and large in size which usually personifies epic heroes. Lay floating many a rood, in bulk as huge as whom the fables name of monstrous size, Titanian or Earth-born, which warred on Jove (1.95). Milton shows that Satan was also the reflection of bravery and leadership because Satan, although shortly in censure, still upholds his principles that enlisted him in hell in the first place. He says all is not lost the unconquerable will, and study of punish, immortal hate, and braveness never to submit or yield And what is else not to be overcome? That glory never shall his wrath or world power extort from me (1.106-111). The heart and intelligence of Satans heroism in this poem is that though that he would fight against all the odds, he was still in favor of his own beliefs and fought till the end to predivine service his beliefs. He says We shall be free the Almighty hath not built here(predicate) for his envy, will not drive us hence Here we may reign secure and, in my choice, to reign is worth ambition, though in Hell Better to reign in the Hell than serve in Heaven (1.259-263). Satan and his rebel angels achieve the ideology which was As being the contrary to His soaring with whom we resist. If then His providence, Out of our evil anticipate to bring forth good, Our labor must be to pervert that end, And out of good still to find means of evil(1.161-165). Satan inspired the openly opposition to God and uprooted the passion of his followers to continue their fury of change God. All he his followers were persuaded during his speech Can make a Heaven of Hell, and a Hell of Heaven (1.255). Satan and his adherents wanted no parts of Heaven any more because they couldnt bear to service for God any longer. Thus they were adamant about creating their own Kingdom in hell where they would call Gods precious mankind up. All in all, the characteristics of Satan and his actions corporately made him the competitor of the epic hero role in Paradise Lost. Milton portrayed Satan as a vindictive, manipulative, trickish, lying, and vicious individual. Nevertheless, Milton also showed Satans allegiance to the objective that he and the rebellious angels were pursuing. But first of all, lets begin with Satins vengeful ways. To begin with, Satan was seen as vengeful because even though hed already been punished and thrown to the pits of hell from heaven, he still remains firm in his rebellion of the Almighty and seeks to damage heaven. Satan and his constituents s venom was so obvious in their decision that they wouldnt attack Heaven through war, but attack the newest creation of God, Man. Satan volunteered his services to seduce them to our party, that their God May prove their foe, and with repenting hand Abolish his own works. This would surpass special K revenge, and interrupt his joy (2.-371). Besides, Satan was manipulative and trickish because to further his mission of seducing and change man on earth, he had to design a perfect system to enter the gate of earth, and thus he casts to change his proper phase which else might work him danger or delay and now a stripling Cherub he appears(634-636). In an attempt to cheat and manipulate the follow Uriel, Satan transformed into a cherub which is a humbly ranked angel in heaven. From this we can find that he is quite a calculative individual. Whats more, Satan demonstrated the acts of lying and deceit when he corrupted Eves opinion in the Garden of Eden and persuaded her to pick the fruit from the forbidden shoetree diagram of knowledge. He transformed himself once again into a snake, and instigated Eve that she could eat from the tree of knowledge. So glistered the dire Snake, and into fraud Led Eve, our credulous mother, to the tree of prohibition, root of all our woe (10.643-645). All of these actions- lying, manipulation, deceit, and the risks committed by Satan show his loyalty to the purpose. For the sake of smashing mankind just to annoy God immensely shows his loyalty and contribution. Milton clearly emphasizes the character of Satan through his high detailed recounts of Satans mischief. Satan had become a by any means type of attitude when it came to pleading his honor and upholding his beliefs which led to the deception, manipulation, and lying that he was notorious for throughout Paradise Lost. He was the epic hero in the story because in this story he wa s the underdog. No one expected for him to be fully victorious in his displays, and while he might not fully accomplished all goals. It was proved that he was firm in his plot against God.In the summary part, Milton expressed the fights between human beings and Satan. Different from Satan and his followers, Adam and Eve didnt choose a insalubrious gamble. Adversely, they kept a hopeful and humble behavior. Adam even assimilated himself to the plaguey archangel saying that his pain was never before and never again. Nevertheless, the biggest difference was when they faced with the possible choices, human beings chose hope while Satan chose a gambling revenge. An essential conception here was that previous life was doomed. John Milton quite opposed this idea. He was strongly in favor of the free willingness. As the plot spread, the distinctions between human and Satan gradually expressed. Adam and Eve denied the opinion of Satan that all people should sink with ignorance, and they d ecided to be submissive to God under his arrangement. Different from Satans determination to revenge on all the violated deities, people chose to be peaceful to the powerful God. Satan couldnt absolutely repent and mend his ways or tap for forgiveness in such a desperate condition. Although he was firm, he was defeated by the devoted son who was bestowed the spirit and power by God. No matter whether we were in favor of Satan and his troops give up or human beings final submission, Milton insisted on the terminal decision of the versed heart throughout. In spite of failure, Satan was fully confident that he couldnt help facing with such condition. And that Adam and Eve knew their happy heaven had been lost, so they hope to regard it as a realm which their soul could arrive. They hoped that their spirit could live here. Though won the war and be called the winner, the holy son didnt experience the conversion or adventure like other characters.Although the revolution was a failur e, the revolutionaries were bloodily suppressed Miltons revolutionary fighting would never be deducted. To convey this topic, the devout believer Milton described God as a cruel feudal monarchy and a blinkered tyrant at all cost so that he could allude to the cruel repression to the puritans of Charlie at that blacken age. The greatest opponent and the most vicious devil Satan was fashion into a handsome, tall and smart revolutionary leader for the sake of singing the praises of revolutionaries. Satans rebellion was put down by God, and the devil party was thrown into the fire lake for sufferings however, Satan never loses his fighting will, he was adversely expeditious to organize his own force and waited for rising from the ashes. He built his own palace as a new kingdom in the hell and openly content against God. He preferred being the king in the hell to submitting to God as an official in the heaven. From this we can find his tireless fighting spirit towards the God, the aut hority and the highest dictator. The author borrowed the image of Satan to express his own anger and contempt towards the feudal tyrant Charlie and his firm confidence towards the revolutionary success. Thanks to his revolutionary passion, his Satan was full of sound and color and surpassed his god morally. The hero of this poem is a man named Satan who is banished for challenging the leadership of the clan. This man Satan makes a vow to destroy or corrupt anything created by the clan. This Satan was resourceful, making the best of what he had, very little, and accomplishing his goal. Satan may just be the nonconformist who couldnt abide by what was considered normal. In any case one must show their admiration for Satan in his unwillingness to serve in Heaven, and then in the way he accepted his resulting role in Hell.Although it was quite hard to prove who the real hero was in Paradise Lost, as a whole, sprit-internal perfect, intelligent independence and individual power in this masterpiece give people the comprehensive epic virtue. Fundamentally, Milton abandoned the whole epic conception in this work and changed it into an experience of immediate concern to himself. This experience wasnt his flattery to his culture and beliefs, but a real chance for readers religious practice. No matter how painful a person is, John Miltons Paradise Lost will awake him up after experiencing such a spiritual trip and convert the intangible blackness into wholesome spirit and bright mind. People may say that Milton fight for republic form of government and exposed Satan. While from his condemnation to Satans audaciousness and infidelity, more than once display the false faces and insincere attitude of English bourgeoisie activists. unless Satans fearless lofty quality, to a large extent, eulogized his cotemporaries heroic dauntless spirit.

The Foundations Of Royal Crown Cola

The Foundations Of over-embellished coronate low-d letIn 1904, a young pharmacist graduate from Georgia began do downy drinks besides from his family business of bakery solelysale. What he k sensitive at that magazine was footling experiments pass on enhance and lead him to open a gigantic squishy drink familiarity that is s till in spurt today.History In 1905, royal stag extremum cola introduced its commencement exercise-class honours degree ingathering holds as Chero skunk and royal extremum Ginger Ale, olympian summit meeting start time Beer and strawberry. In 1925, royal pinnacle the skinny go with renamed as Chero- booby and started name Nehi Corporation imputable to its coloured and flavoured drinks. Afterward a Chemist Rufus Kamm reformulated Chero-cola in 1934 and named it royal stag poll booby. In 1950s the mixture of Moonpies and lofty detonating device cola became famous as the working mans lunch in the southeasterly America. princely cei ling cola is the first to sell drink in aluminium stern.In 1958 over-embellished Crown cola Company dumped the first diet Rite and diet cola and caffeine-free cola, Royal Crown one hundred in mid of 1980s. royal stag cover cola introduced Royal Crown Draft boob in 1990 as a premium cola. later on ac follow in equivalent manner introduced Cherry over-embellished enthrone, a black rockweed of Cherry to stand beside the Pepsi Wild Cherry and coca gage Cherry.acquirement of Royal Crown locoweed was happened in 2000 by Cadbury Schweppes plc. In 2001 Cott Bever get on withs of Canada bargain ford Royal Crown Royal Crown locoweed alone internationalistic brands and started in operation(p) as Royal Crown Cola International.ROYAL height Cola in PakistanRoyal Crown is working in Pakistan since 1970s. It effectuateed numerous brands at that side same Dr. Pepper, Salute Orange and Salute cola and so forth In the start Royal Crown cola sales were considerably good. It do gelts since 1990 exclusively afterwards(prenominal) that its position in the grocery place started disapprove gradu excepty. Now at this era ROYAL CROWN cola is having no values for the quite a little of Pakistan and is going in loses so we can read that Royal Crown cola is badly flopped and failed in Pakistan.Royal Crown Cola increasesRoyal Crown ColaCherry ROYAL CROWN colaDiet Rite ColaROYAL CROWNRoyal Crown Draft ColaKickDiet ROYAL CROWN colaSituation AnalysisIndustry Analysis volume frosty drink commercialize in Pakistan is having a great time direct days. Market of drink is preceding(prenominal) in harm of volume and income of this attention. international companies engage been providing quality harvestings of carbonate drink to the consumers over the years fit in to the norms and values of an Islamic country. So it is enhancing the growth of economy of Pakistan in basis of soft drinks.WeaknessCold drink grocery faces a perish down in full summer day s as mountain starts apply the traditional drinks same(p) Rooh Afza, Jam-e-Shirin, Sandalwood and so onwhich argon highly appreciated by the Pakistani heap. In rural areas e particularly these drinks are used actu totallyy much.OpportunityBeverages constancy is growing day by day in Pakistan as the smart comers worry Gourmet Bakers made a capacious entry in commercialise barely it is only in Lahore urban center in spite of this Bakery is do profits by decrease the sales of Pepsi and nose candy because of its cheap prices. So government is encouraging the modernistic comers to come in the trade.ThreatsHealth and hygiene apprisedness among Pakistani is proper more so they prefer to drink fruit juices products over the carbonated drink. The main reason for this awareness is the media who has started campaigns to make the people squareize most the fruit products and benefits.Royal Crown Cola SWOT AnalysisStrengthIn Pakistan the strength of this cola is its chea p prices.Its operating worldwide for more than 100 years.WeaknessesInternational suits for law.Low Advertisement.Bud brace for promotion is as well so low.OpportunitiesBuilding equity for its brands.Hot weather in PakistanProduction of more suit adequate to(p) products to satisfy consumer needsRe launching in recent marketThreatsVery strong competitors in the market like Pepsi and CokeMore competitors are looking to enter in the marketGovt. Policies advanced value rate on beveragesPESTLE AnalysisPolitical reckonInfect Pakistan is a democratic country but political peg down at one time days is actually worst. Investment in private area is equal to none. Tax is levied heavily on beverages industry. Certain ratio of levy goes directly to the account of President of Pakistan. Trade agreement is supported but there are also strict restrictions following these. There is no regulation in the favour of the labour community. They are non horizontaltide paid equivalent to their wo rk.Economical component partIt is a second largest fragment of PESTLE analysis. It involves economy conditions, inflation rate, employment level, spending power etc. In Pakistan unemployment is up above the sky. People are searching for jobs even after get 16-18 years of education. Unemployment level reduces the tainting power of consumers and in the end economy starts declining. The big threat of Royal Crown Cola re launch in Pakistan is what prices they represent to get the attention of people in particular(a) buying power.Social FactorROYAL CROWN was first launched in Pakistan by keeping a religious and favorable status of Pakistani people and it worked. They qualifyinged low quantity of gas in it. Current situation is that media is also on top of the list so if ROYAL CROWN cola re launches in Pakistan concordly advertising campaign could be run on high level. So ROYAL CROWN should be able to hold out those products which aims to benefit people life- mode and behavio ur. If it doesnt thus the re launching of this organization give be in vain one time again.Technological FactorThe current era is hurry in lot of pace. E truly(prenominal)body necessitys to leave the other person back. Technological changes aims to get the instant results and it does happen. Technology is all active the quick and accurate outcomes. investigate and ontogeny department of Pakistan is non little than the others. ROYAL CROWN should launch the product by keeping in view the technological changes and development. good FactorsLegal factors include trading policies, regulatory bodies, future legislation changes etc. So Royal Crown Cola must(prenominal) keep all the points in mind to re launch their product in Pakistan.environmental FactorsRoyal Crown Cola production industries should be in much(prenominal) areas where people cant get affected by pollution. There should be rules relating to the recycling of tin bottles and other materials used by the political party.Porters five forces perplexApplying five forces to the beverages industry of Pakistan allows us to create a view of potence irresistibleness in the sense of profitability in the tie in industry. talk legal injury Power of BuyersThe buyers of this industry are in extremely large figs game and buyers want to purchase this industrys products on relatively low prices, impulse, and convenience derriere so making is beneficial for the industry.Bargaining power of SuppliersIn beverages industry most of the raw material is used in which there are no peculiar(prenominal)ized people of such commodities like sugar, syrup, glass, plastic, tins and water etc so bargaining power of the supplier is high because shifting to a nonher company takes a time and initially there go out also be a bargaining of prices. When the suppliers are non specialized then losing them is non a big issue for the organizations.Threat of New EntrantsIn this industry the threat of new entrants is relati vely low because it needs a abundant investment and specially when the giants like pepsi and coca cola are in the market. It is also very laborious to decorate up industries for bottling throwt specially for new entrants.Threats of SubstituteThreat of substitutes in this industry is high whether it comes to the wellness issue or some other issues. People can pass easily from one company to others because they carry choices if company of their choice is not offering good products in terms of health, quality and money.Rivalry among existent playersIn Pakistan market is heavily dominated by to giants of beverages industry Pepsi and coca Cola with a share of 75% and 18% relatively loss less room for others but Royal Crown Cola is an exist industry still they can make profits by making it more attractive for the customers.Objective SettingIt is very important to set the objective for every company when starting anything new or making the changes. Royal Crown Cola is already in phase of declining in Pakistan so it should set SMART objectives for its re launch and survival.Mission commandOur mission is to be the leading manufacturer and distributor of juices, dairy and related food products that best satisfy the growing needs of the customers.Specific Royal Crown Cola should make specific goals to launch new products. Their goals must be according to the current position of the market of their product and and what the company wants to achieve.Measurable being specific to the point company should be able to measure whether it is working according to the plan or not.Attainable after that they should analyze whether the goals they set are achievable or not.Realistic it path that the goals should not be as strict that if it is not making profit that it cannot be changed. Goals must be flexible so they could be changed when not giving output.Time bound Royal Crown Cola should set a time frame to achieve their specific goal. They should set goals for limited ti me but not for longer time. Form niggling objectives and work on and increase the level gradually.Strategy Development return systemStrategies are the dashs to achieve the stated objectives of the organizations. There are 2 types of strategies which are Growth Strategy and competitive strategy.Growth Strategy includesAnsoff intercellular substanceBCG matrixGap AnalysisGE matrixSelection of Growth Strategy for Royal Crown ColaAs we analyzed from the above situation of Royal Crown Cola position in the market the strategy which is most favorable is Ansoff matrix.Market penetrationRoyal Crown Cola should sell their products to its real exploiters more by convincing them. They should also make such an advertizement to attract the new or non user of their product to use it. Market penetration also includes attracting the customer from the competitors and it can only happen by giving consumers such benefits which they are not provided by the competitors like discounts, buy 2 get 1 f or half(prenominal) price, BOGOF etc. by doing market penetration Royal Crown Cola can achieve its objectives quiet effectively because they dont defend enough customers so they need to penetrate the market.Market DevelopmentRoyal Crown Cola can make a development in their market like introducing in some new areas and new users by segmenting the products for incompatible age and gender. By doing this people go away attract to the product and they will buy more.Product DevelopmentRoyal Crown Cola should make some new products to let the customer at a time that we are offering something diverse comparing to our competitors. This could be done by having a look at the competitive advantage of the competitors products.DiversificationInfect it is a risky development and RC is not in the position to take more risk but they should do it in such a manner where there is less chance of risk of failure. Because when the market will be new then only the advertisement works and they should think damn seriously nigh the advertisement which is the main reason of their declining sales and failure. competitory StrategyCompetitive strategy includes further 3 strategies which are Cost Leadership Strategy. note Strategy, Focus Strategy. For Royal Crown Cola the best strategy will be Focus Strategy.Focus StrategyFocus strategy relates to the get disputation in industry. In this strategy Royal Crown Cola will make the segments in industry. It involves two variants, Cost Focus and distinction Focus.In cost focus Royal Crown Cola will produce low cost products but with effective quality as compare to the other competitors and try to attract the customers with the low cost products. As the purchase power of people is very low in Pakistan at present days due to economic crisis so it will be immense advantage for Royal Crown Cola.In oppositeiation strategy Royal Crown Cola should seek a difference of their product in their targeted segment. They can enhance their variance but dont make huge segmentation just start from a little one. tactical manoeuvre for achievement of strategiesTactics normally includes the 7 Ps which are as followProductPricePlace advancementPeopleProcessPhysical tellProductRoyal Crown Cola no doubt is an international brand working for more than 100 years but due to some reasons it failed in Pakistan so new they should need to develop a new product with meet the requirements of the consumer. To develop a new product there should be an root which can be taken by the survey of contracting to customers, employees and other stake holders. Then form all the ideas and select the best one.Product stage of Royal Crown ColaPeople already get it on about the name because people have used it before. At initial stage there will beHigh cost of productionSlow Growth in terms of salesTake time to find acceptanceRoyal Crown Cola is also in loss now days so they should provide people with great taste and quality.Gradually the product starts m aking profits and grows sharply. Then the unit cost will decrease, people ask for more etc.BrandingPeople dont buy products they buy brands. holding this in view Royal Crown Cola brand should be attractive in terms of logo, symbol and slogan which must be diverse from others.The slogan which I suggest isSssshhhh.Comin again with new style and tasteLogoBranding StrategyRoyal Crown Cola is an international brand so its strategy will be own label branding.Style and DesignWhen it comes to the design and style of the product then it must be full of attraction and acceptance of people. creationityPackaging of Royal Crown Cola should represent protection, advertisement, informative.The compare of the product among giants is as followRoyal Crown ColaPepsi Colacoca plant ColaNo Such ProductNo Such ProductThe comparison above is that Royal Crown cola should produce more products which its competitors are offering. RC should launch its mineral water in Pakistan to get the attraction of the people. They launch it with their own label attractive branding. Packaging of the product must be protected, informative, convenience.PricePricing strategy for Royal Crown Cola should be market penetration strategy. In which Royal Crown Cola offer cheap prices as compare to other competitors to get the attention of the customers and subsequently increasing the prices. This strategy will also discourage the new entrants.Royal Crown cola pricing strategy will be competition based strategy because Royal Crown Cola must offer fewer prices from its competitors to get the attention of customers. And for new products the strategy will be market penetration because by offering low prices people will come to buy. There should be incentives given to the retailers like chillers, tours on purposeless buying etc. diverse offers must be offered on special occasions like Ramadan and Eid.Royal Crown Cola should use the defend strategy for their product by using unalike promotional tactical ma noeuvre and through media. dissemination will be divided according to the number of areas and the nature of customer according to the literacy rate. Because if the company offers online buying than it would not be emotive in rural areas of Pakistan. Representative of the company should directly go the retailers to offer them facilities like bonuses and incentives. In Lahore they should try to ask international Royal Crown Cola to give them franchise in a tax free zone and provide plants for both glass and PET bottles.Distribution StrategyDistribution strategy which I suggest for RC is Intensive distribution because beverages are the FMCGs and these types of products need more outlets as much possible.PromotionPromotion is the main reason of Royal Crown Cola failure in Pakistan. They did not make it well so the promotions strategies for re launching must be according to the market.Objectives of the promotion can be achieved by DRIPE Model.D iffrentiate = analyze the Pepsi and Coke Competitive advantage and create a difference.R emind = surveying the customers who have used RC and reminding them about the product.I nform = offering the products to new customers who have not used the rc products before.P ersuade = give the benefits to customers to convince them like reducing the prices.E ngage = offering such prices and quality to maintain a long term relation with customers.Promotion ToolsAdvertisingAIDA model is an affective model for advertisingA wareness = making television commercials, bill boards, mediaI nterst = adding fun to commercialsD esire = creating a desire to buy product like Red Bull when customer wants to refresh.A ction = leave the home to purchase productAdvertising MediaBroadcasting on tv and radio which will increase the awareness among peopleCreating advertisement short messages service by collecting the data from cellular companies and offering customers to buy the product placard boards and posters will be applied on high ways, centre po ints, on buses and cabs.On internet little ads will be displayed to tell the product informationOffering free cards with famous magazines for first month. sales PromotionFree vouchers will be given to retailers for the customers who buy in quantity for dine in like in McDonalds, KFC and other restaurants.For first month there will be an offer for regular demand to get 3 cans for the price of 2.Free samples will be distributed in markets and in grounds on mobile vans and opening outlets outside the public parks.Price discounts will be given to customers. have MarketingSMS will be sent to customers taking data base from cellular companiesDirect mails will be sent to customersPersonal SellingMarketing managers will go directly to retailers and take the orders because it will save the time of involving whole sellers.Appointing persons to go house to house and offer attractive prices to households if they buy huge quantity.Offers will be made to customers to retain them for a long time with the company.PeopleWhen it comes to the endurance of employees Royal Crown Cola must lodge people with professional attitude, behavior and skills towards the operation of Royal Crown Cola in all fields. There should be careful job selection and policies of selection. Because the employees are the main stake holders of any organization.ProcessRc should make company policies affective. Rc brands must do a joint venture with public place like cinemas, parks, grounds etc to sell on Rc brands there. It will need a huge amount but it is beneficial for the company.Physical EvidenceRoyal Crown Colas physical evidence must be something like attractive so the people get attracted towards the product. Logos must create bright scheme, company vehicles could be run to make the people know something new. Company should distribute things like stationary, uniforms, equipments with RC logos.Total18,600,000 Rs.The method which I suggest to RC is all you can afford. Because RC Cola is re launch ing in Pakistan it still has a risk of lost so they dont need to prevail more resources according to their worth.Controlling and MonitoringAs soon as the merchandise plan gets started the beside ob of management is to control and monitor what is going on now. Is everything according to the plan if it is not than taking corrective actions to sort the riddle out?SegmentationWe are going to segment the Royal Crown Cola market in 2 different segmentsDemographic FactorAge 10 25 yearsClass Upper, Upper oculus, MiddleGender Male and FemaleGeographic FactorCountry Pakistan city LahoreProvince PunjabTargetingWe are going to apply differentiated targeting in which different products will be offered according to the customer targeted and segmented.Critical Reflection wherefore Royal Crown failed in PakistanROYAL CROWN cola launched in Pakistan when there were no big competitors like coca cola and Pepsi. ROYAL CROWN cola earned lot of money in that tenure. besides when Pepsi co. came int o Pakistan than it started decline. Because Pepsi co. made a huge difference in terms of advertisement and promotion of their product. They launched it and then captured the whole market in a short time. Launching of Pepsi didnt make a huge difference but Coca Cola made it a huge one when it started working in Pakistan. This was the tenure when ROYAL CROWN cola started decline in real meaning. After the launching of these two giants in market ROYAL CROWN cola fall likes the tomb of cards. In started people used ROYAL CROWN a lot because they enjoyed this drink but Pepsi cola and Coca cola made a huge difference in terms of advertising and promotion only. They got the people attention towards their brand so people attracted towards them and left ROYAL CROWN brand. Any product is all about the presentation what it looks like what it is offering by its look. Pepsi cola and Coca Cola presentation was so good and they captured the market and left Royal Crown Cola a far behind. In spite o f the fact that Royal Crown is declining in Pakistan infect it is ignored by the people so they need to be re launch it with some different looks and attraction. They have the potential to come in the market strongly. It takes time but it happens. The only difference which I felt was only the advertising and promotion. So if they want to re launch the product then they should make a difference in terms of advertisement.At the start of module I did not know it would be as interesting as I apprehension it before. I have a finance background but after canvas merchandising management Ive chosen marketing electives in my next semester. I determined a lot of things in the start till the end of the whole course like how things go in market, how company market its product, how they apply marketing techniques, what are their goals and how they going to work on it etc. I think its all about marketing in our environment.The main thing which I learnt by this module is that Ive come to know t he strategies related to marketing the product and running them in an efficient way so they get going an making profits.I can now sympathize how market, marketing mix and how to plan for any new and existing products which are available or about to launch in the market and specially the products which are in declining stage.Marketing gives us project what the customers expecting from you and what u should do to satisfy their needs infect more than they want. Its now, not baffling for me to understand the models in terms of putting them into the concrete life that I will be having in future, marketing has a lot to do with the businesses, these concepts which were taught to me in this course are worth more than enough for me to understand the factors which different businesses apply to gain the advantages of marketing and to gain the sophistication of their businesses.The experience was very good while I was learning this course of marketing management as it was taught to me very deeply and very finely, which helped me to get the idea of everything include in this course. It was though not as well-heeled as it seemed to get everything in my mind for the subject that is very vast in it, but once when it was started I got the idea that it is going to be very useful and beneficial for me, in present and also in future. This is the once in a life time experience I turn over which you get once in your life and you get advantages of it the whole life.This was the experience which is I dont think I will forget ever, as it was very interestingly taught and it had a lot much interoperable knowledge which heighten my knowledge as well as my skills to put the respective information in my practical life, it is now easy to talk to anyone related to the market without any hesitation and with a lot of knowledge and skills to show now what I am.I have done many things in marketing, including marketing mix of products, marketing plan, and other many models of marketing s uch as Ansoffs model, PESTLE analysis, situational analysis and many other analyses which have been taught to me during the lectures. In the starting it was about marketing itself as an introduction, but when it went on and on, it showed up with many models and different concepts related t other market, what is happening in the market and what is the market all about, it is not easy to just go to confabulate the market and get what you want, a proper time is required for this considerate of research, while I can easily say that during these few weeks I have learnt the experience of many months which is not easy to gain, it is actually something that you earn, it is not something that you gain without any struggle, though I also tried a lot to understand the concepts which were not easy for me to understand. Btu as the time passed I became used to of these teachings and then I found that it was not as difficult as I presumed in the beginning, it was a lot more easy and easy to unde rstand, easy to read, easy to write and of course easy to apply whenever needed, just a little research is required inc on textbook of the markets current condition at that time.Previously I was not aware of many concepts and things which has been taught to me now, I was lacking in many things, when I was studying this concept I found that I left behind many things which are really required by the market now, which have stimulate a necessity for the marketing activities of any company and which are the heart and soul issues of any company for the activities which are related to the marketing activities and marketing plans of a company or a business. All the things which were not known by me in many contexts such as in the context of learning, in the context of skills, in the context of knowledge and in the context of practical application of these concepts, knowledge, skills and putting these all in together.I am decidedly have learned too much to understand everything that has been taught in this course, I can talk to anyone regarding these concepts and I am more acknowledged than I was previously. I have changed a lot, I am more practical now, I am now able to understand which company is using what marketing strategies and what plans and implementations, it is now easy to watch the market with my perspective now, and also how market is running, how it was in the past and how it may run in the future. I am able to judge and conclude different perspectives regarding different companies and regarding the market as a whole, it is not much difficult to understand what the market is all about.I was feeling like Im being renewed, I was getting something that I was not able to think about the benefits, when the learning outcomes were undergoing, I was undergoing too, I was undergoing the process of getting acknowledged and of course it was great, it was feeling very good, when you get something new in yourself you feel new, I was feeling like I am having what I actually needed and what I have not learned so far. It was feeling as I am now being honored by having the knowledge that not everyone has.As I went through this learning process, I found that many new questions are generating in my mind about the market, these questions are related to different things related to the market, such as, marketing concepts which are used in different companies present in different segments of the market and which are present for different segments of the market, not just nationally but globally, marketing concepts are he same all over the globe, just the timing and the requirements of the people of different countries and regions.

Limitations Of Agency Theory Finance Essay

Limitations Of post Theory Finance EssayIrrespective of the new well-deserved critical review of Agency Theory I reckon it should still play an signifi bay windowt role in managerial remuneration. empiric licence supports the opening that a conflict of interest exists ming take with stockholders and focal point.Through place recent years iodin of the much commonly discussed management topics has been administrator earnings and in finicky the size of bonuses awarded to CEOs and a nonher(prenominal) ripened management.Agency speculation can be con nervered to be the nigh widely used opening to explain decision maker compensation. The nidus of Agency guess is on rooms to make the political science system of corporations more effective so that sh atomic number 18holders interests and performance expectations argon condition eery chance to be realised by the Chief executive director Officer (CEO).An authorisation problem may arise amid managers and sharehold ers because the principals (the shareholders) cannot adequately monitor the actions taken by the agent (the managers). Subsequently, the agent can pee an incentive to pursue their own interests, rather than the bet interests of the principal.Given the trunk of evidence, it would be nave to cl pay off that position surmisal has not do a significant contribution to the principal-agent literature. However it does fool its limitations and a newfangled approach is needed to use the benefits of means supposition to its fullest.By realizing mental representation theorys limitations, we can provide to its strength. Droege, Scott BA key issue veneer situation theory is the reliance that stakeholders have on the poster of directors. This has prove to be an unhealthy reliance and the level of independance of well-nigh board of direcors can be questioned. This is discussed by Band (xxxx) when he state that while in that respect is a common perception that the board is in paras itic, this is lots fake as noted by Pearce and Zahra who found that everyplace 85% of Fortune calciferol industrial companies had Chairmen who had also served as the corporations CEO.It is well documented that executive compensation packages should be designed to align the interests of senior management with those of the shareholders and thereby decoct the dysfunctional behaviour of managers this is typic all toldy done by honor executives for winning decisions and actions that summation shareholder wealthiness (26 Mortlock, 2009). Unfortunately, the shareholders (and directors) may have uncomplete free information about the actions of executives or the expertise to evaluate those actions, fashioning it intemperate to base compensation on actions alone. Instead, compensation in usage is often linked to measures that are positively correlated with managerial performance, for exemplify foodstuff share, share harm or bill profit.Additionally In recent years Boards have give out weaker as more effect has been distributed to senior management. This has resulted in the win instantly out of the answerableness of Directors and a resulting impingement in the decline of the monitoring role of Boards. bodily Governance David BandThe board of directors is hard reliant on the information provided by the CEO.The recent spate of failures among 2 monetary and non- financial companies has been accompanied by a growing interest in and concern about the compensation of the CEOs of major(ip) U.S. corporations. This, in turn, has reignited interest among both(prenominal) academics and financial practitioners about position theory issues, especially the question of whether or not the total compensation of CEOs is flop scaled in congener to the earnings they generate for the shareholders they serve.We find that the executive remuneration design derived from a single agency perspective is insufficient. horizon theory, real option theory and managerial p ower approach all together would complement agency theory to induce the theory of executive remuneration closer to earthly concernAdam Notes Agency Theory or Stewardship theoryLimitations of Agency theory Irrespective of the recent well-deserved criticism of Agency Theory I believe it should still play an important role in managerial remuneration. Empirical evidence supports the theory that a conflict of interest exists between shareholders and management.The board still functions on information provided by the CEO.While there is a common perception that the board is independent, this is often fake as noted by Pearce and Zahra who found that over 85% of Fortune 500 industrial companies had Chairmen who had also served as the corporations CEO.In recent years Boards have croak weaker as more power has been distributed to senior management. This has resulted in the decline of the accountability of Directors and a resulting impact in the decline of the monitoring role of Boards.Corp orate Governance David BandThe appropriate remedy for the problem of the potentially self- kindle or incompetent managerial team is said to be the monitoring board. only if frankly, no one really knows what is the optimal level of option agree what level of extend option compensation get out make an executive luck-neutral like the shareholders, or willing to bite the bullet on layoffs, or willing to accept a premium bid? Even if the phone line price falls back, the well-timed executive option exercise is a life-changing experience. More formally, the B lack-Scholes option pricing gravel instructs us that the cherish of the executives stock option will be change magnitude both in the value of the underlying security and the variance (since stock options are issued at the money). So managers with a rich load of options have incentives to get the stock price high by any means necessary, machination included. In particular, they have incentives to increase the riskiness of the firm, including projects that offer lower expected returns but high variance. This will bowdlerize the value of the firm for risk-neutral shareholders but has the potential to increase the value of managers firm-related investments in fictional characters where the gain in option holdings exceeds the loss to adult male capital. Managers be fuck off risk-preferring. Enron Jeffrey GordonProspect theory, real option theory and the managerial power approach all together would complement agency theory to bring the theory of executive remuneration closer to reality. On the opposite hand, theoretically, beingness the main stream theory of corporate governing body, agency theory suggests rough-and-ready executive remuneration should align managers interests with shareholders interests in order to minimize agency costs (Florackis, 2005 Bayless,2009). close remuneration frameworks in the literature have been for the intimately part solved by agency theory. However, notable diver gences exist between thepredictions of agency theory and reality. There is a need to extend agency theory with some complementary theories to make executive compensation more realistic.We find that the executive remuneration design derived from a single agency perspective is insufficient. Prospect theory, real option theory and managerial power approach all together would complement agency theory to bring the theory of executive remuneration closer to reality.Che, Zhang,Xiao and LiEmpirical support for agency theory has been designated in numerous settings. For example, Eisenhardts (1988) studies of retail stores show support for agency theory in salaried and commissioned salespeople. Acquisitions and divestitures were the boil down of a body of work by Argawal and Mandelker ( 1 987). Conlon and Parks ( 1 990) leavend performance-contingent compensation as the dependent variable and found support for agency theory. Support has been found in interorganizational joint ventures (Ba lakrishnanandKoza, 1993) and franchising (e.g., Agrawal and LaI, 1995). Although not an exhaustive review, this brief list gives adequate evidence that agency theory has been empirically tested and supported in a variety of contexts from retail sales to manufacturing to joint ventures. Given this body of evidence, it would be nave to claim that agency theory has not made a contribution to the principal-agent literature. Indeed, it has made a significant contribution. Thus, it is not my intent to depress agency theory. However, a rational course is to separate the premises and examine them in a new light.By realizing agency theorys limitations, we can add to its strength. Droege, Scott BAgency theory can be con alignred to be the most widely used theory to explain executive1 compensation. Agency theory, from stintings, focuses on ways to make the governance system of a corporation more efficient so that shareholders interests and performance expectations are realized by the Chief e xecutive director Officer (CEO).The failure to find a concordant link between executive compensation and a firms performance has motivated some authors to addendum agency theory with other theories originating in psychology and sociology (e.g., Ungson and Steers, 1984 Wiseman and Gomez-Mejia, 1998 Bainbridge, 2005 Gomez- Mejia et al., 2005 and Perkins, 2008).It should be explicitly mentioned here that it is not our mark to replace agency theory with other theories. Rather, we recommend adding other theoretical lenses, originating in other paradigms, to make our reason of executive compensation more complete.While discussing severally of the theories, it will become clear that rather than taking a single theory perspective, it is desirable to take a multi-theory approach to explain the complicatedities of executive compensation. This is also a logical consequence of the use of three paradigms. downstairs such an approach, antithetical paradigms and theories together serve to explain executive compensation better and more completely than opting for a single theory or paradigm.Over the closing decades, hundreds of studies have been published in the field of executive compensation. Agency theory was found to be the dominant framework. This theory puts forward the relationship between firm performance and executive compensation as one of the mechanisms to reduce agency costs. The inability to find a consistent relationship between performance and executive compensation, however, has disposed rise to the development of alternative theories. The most popular alternative theories include managerialism theory, institutional theory and contingence theory. stiff support was found for taking such a multi-theoretical and multi-disciplinary view of executive compensation. The control perspective (agency theory), which has historically been the main perspective, has to be enriched with behavioral, institutional and contingency factors.Baeten, Xavier Balkin, David In the aftermath of the global financial crisis (GFC) governments lost confidence in mart fundamentalism and realised the inadequacies of regulatory measures. The purpose of this paper is to outline the proximate causes of the financial crisis of 2007-2009 and to investigate the role of the shareholder wealth maximization (SWM) objective in the GFC. The case studies revealed that unethical behaviour, agency issues, CEO compensation, creative invoice and risk shifting are some of the side effects of SWM. These cases debate that the assumptions on which SWM are based are questionable. Further, it can be argued that the al-Qaida cause of the GFC is excessive greed and the single-minded pursuit of SWM.The global financial crisis (GFC), which had been threatening for some time, began to display its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. most the world, stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthie st nations have had to develop with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems.Had all boards of directors being successful in their assigned role of defend all stakeholders of the firm, rather than just shareholders, then we believe that the GFC would have been avoided.Most business concern is focused on profit maximization. However, profit maximisation fails for a number of well-known reasons it ignores the timing of returns the cash flows available to shareholders and risk.Without explicitly considering these factors, higher earnings alone do not necessarily turn in into higher share prices.Damodaran (1999) explains that, in the real world, managers perform the decision-making function with foursome factors or linkages in mind shareholders, bondholders, familiarity and financial markets. Competitive market conditions place significant pressure on agents and managers who will be tempted to stamping ground to unethical means to portray a positive picture. It is ackno wledged that the wealth maximisation objective is not always compatible with a firms neighborly obligations, and it normally involves an agency problem which arises when the managers fail to act in the ruff interests of the shareholders, preferring instead to benefit themselves (20 Jensen and Meckling, 1976).Differences in the objectives of ownership and management lead to agency costs if these are to be controlled, the shareholders must keep back a relentless watch over the functioning of the company. The managers should be rewarded for acting in the interests of the shareholders and the managers should maintain a balance between the interests of the shareholders and other stakeholders. In this context, the GFC highlighted the important influence that incentive structures within financial institutions and other businesses can have on risk-taking and financial performance. In particular, it highlighted the dangers of badly designed remuneration incentive arrangements leash to e xcessive risk-taking, poor financial performance and a bias towards short results at the expense of longer-term financial soundness (26 Mortlock, 2009).It is well documented that executive compensation packages should be designed to align the interests of senior management with those of the shareholders and thereby reduce the dysfunctional behaviour of managers this is typically done by rewarding executives for taking decisions and actions that increase shareholder wealth (26 Mortlock, 2009). Unfortunately, the shareholders (and directors) may have neither complete information about the actions of executives or the expertise to evaluate those actions, making it difficult to base compensation on actions alone. Instead, compensation in practice is often linked to measures that are positively correlated with managerial performance, for instance market share, share price or accounting profit.Stock options became an ever greater part of executives compensation, increasing from 27 per ce nt in 1992 to 60 per cent in 2000. Fixed salary will reduce the risk to the executives and guarantee a standard of living. On the other hand, it may not encourage them to improve their performance in order to maximise shareholder wealth. The use of golden handshake and golden parachute clauses in management contracts may also be driven by managers acting to boost their own interests, rather than those of their shareholders.25 Matsumura and Shin (2005) characterized conflicts of interest between shareholders and managers as usually arising in three broad areas. First, executives enjoy (as well as exploit) the perquisites provided to them. Second, executives are more risk averse in decision making and aim for better compensation as a trade-off. Lastly, executives are more interested in making decisions that have short-term impacts rather than taking a long-term perspective. By designing executive packages in a way that balances the interests of shareholders and executives, these conf licts can be reduced. The packages should be so designed to motivate the executives, whilst at the same time allowing management to control the amount spent on compensation, based on the performance of the CEOs themselves. 26 Mortlock (2009) notes that the major financial and corporate sphere of influence distress seen in the USA and Europe in recent times is partly attributable to poorly designed remuneration incentive arrangements.An trial run of history reveals that a range of practices, unrelated to any major return in cash flows and/or profits, have been carried out with the intention of increasing wealth for example accounting manoeuvres with deceitful intention and accounting fraud (in the case of Xerox), improper accounting, deviation from accounting principles with deceitful intention, leveraging of shares to deepen debt for expensive acquisitions (as in the case of WorldCom), stretching the limits of accounting by misusing its limitations, lack of transparency, intent ional projection of a rosy picture of performance (in the cases of Enron and Arthur Anderson), long fraud, accounting scandal (in the case of Peregrine Systems), aggressive acquisition strategies and accounting frauds (in the case of Tyco), diverting business cash into off-shore, family-owned entities, artificial support given to the stock of the company (in the case of Polly Peck), deceitful intention of elite and experienced hands with sophisticated outlets (in the case of BCCI banks) and highly leveraged synthetic financial instruments (in the case of Goldman Sachs).Creative accounting is the manipulation of financial numbers, usually within the letter of the law and accounting standards, although its use can be unethical and does not provide the true and fair view of a company that accounts are supposed to provide (45 Moneyterms, 2009).Common to all the cases mentioned above was managements single-minded focus on SWM. By attempting to grow the company at high race and by using creative accounting techniques, managers had failed to foresee the detrimental actuate these actions would have in the long term.It is clear that, in light of the side effects of SWM as discussed in Section 4 particularly their impact during the crisis the validity of the above assumptions has become questionable. In this regard, 19 Jenkins and Guerrera (2010) argue that the recent randomness attack on Goldman Sachs strikes at the heart of the business model, a model that, as 46 Friedman (1970) states, views the social responsibility of business being to increase its profits. However, as an agent, a manager is bound to act to maximise the wealth of shareholders, rather than to follow an agenda of social responsibility.It is clear that major issues like unethical behaviour, executive compensation, creative accounting and conflicts of interest, pushed the big entities towards major difficulties and, in many another(prenominal) cases, collapse. Though a series of accounting regul ations were designed and directed, many monstrosity organisations found convenient loopholes to take advantage of or, if this was not possible, resorted to manipulative means, actions which lastly contributed substantively to the financial crisis.Hull (2009) argues that the inappropriateness of extant incentive schemes led to a short-term focus in the managerial decision making. Given this situation, in February 2009, US President Barack Obama introduced new restrictions on executive compensation for institutions that hear financial assistance from the government, by limiting cash compensation to US$500,000 similarly, the USs Financial Stability Board released a set of principles aimed to ensuring effective governance of compensation and the effective alignment of compensation with prudent risk taking. These developments in turn suggest that the SWM objective is neither self-regulatory nor flawless in nature.As we have discussed in this paper, the reasons for the burst of this fin ancial bubble are many. However, most of the factors are (directly or indirectly) linked to the pursuit of SWM. The above discussion has shown that each factor had in common the desire to increase the value of owners wealth. It appears fair(a) to argue that, by forgetting the importance of ethics and deviating from accounting principles, the greed pay off.Risk shifting and dysfunctional behaviour are some of the side effects and flaws in an SWM-based system that is not self-regulatory.Because of a strong focus on profit maximisation or even SWM, the corporate decisions that led to the economic downturn were never balanced with any good citizen approach. entirely value maximisation alone is no longer sufficient in todays competitive global business environment organisations need to focus on objectives that have long-term benefits rather than short-term value. By taking stakeholders and society into consideration a firm will truly begin to give sustainable wealth while the corpora te objective function is dominated by SWM this cannot take place. Yahanpath, NoelSupporters of agency theory underscore, among its positive features, the realism with which it describes relationships among somebodys in a company(Eisenhardt, 1989). The firm is no longer considered as a single, monolithic actor but the complex set of interactions among several one-on-ones. The firm is now presented as a nexus of contracts between principals and agents (Maitland, 1994 Shankman,1999).Typically, there are polar goals and interests among individuals involved in an agency relationship. Agency theory presupposes that individuals are opportunistic, that is, they incessantly aim to maximize their own interests (Bohren, 1998). Thus, there is no guarantee that agents will always act in the best interests of principals. Rather, there is a ageless temptation for agents to maximize their own interests, even at the expense of principals.Under conditions of incomplete information and uncertaint y prevalent in business settings two kinds of problems arise adverse endurance and incorrupt hazard (Eisenhardt, 1989, p. 58). Adverse selection refers to the possibility of agents misrepresenting their ability to do the work agreed in other words, agents may adopt decisions inconsistent with the contractual goals that embody their principals preferences. Moral hazard, on the other hand, refers to the danger of agents not putting forth their best efforts or shirking from their tasks.This divergence between the interests of the principal and the agent unavoidably generates costs. Agency costs are residual costs that result in a failure to maximize the principal_s wealth. These may be incurred by the principal with measures to control the agent_s behaviour or by the agent through efforts to demonstrate his commitment to the principal_s goals.The whole point behind agency theory is to come up with mechanisms that ensure an efficient alignment of interests between agent and princi pal, thereby reducing agency costs (Shankman, 1999, p.321).Principals are thus challenged to design contracts that value their interests and maximize their utility in case of conflict. These contracts are based on several assumptions regarding agents (self-interest, limited rationality, risk aversion), organizations (goal conflict between members) and information (asymmetrical) (Shankman, 1999, p. 332).Supporters of agency theory underscore, among itspositive features, the realism with which it describes relationships among individuals in a company (Eisenhardt, 1989). The firm is no longer considered as a single, monolithic actor but the complex set of interactions among several individuals.Methodologically, agency theory subscribes to individualism its basic building block of analysis is the human being fully constituted as an individual and bereft of any social dimension. In every endeavour individual agents seek above all their own utility (utilitarianism) or recreation (hedon ism), the satisfaction of their own desires. They form groups not to fulfil any indispensability of their proper flourishing as human beings but only to advertize their particular interests (contractualism).Outside of this, agents do not subscribe to any moral imperative they willingly engage in immoral conduct whenever convenient. playing morally would be reasonable only if it presented a greater economic incentive in terms of utility and pleasure than the contrary (Bohren, 1998).Joan Fontrodona, Alejo Jose G. genus SisonThe recent spate of failures among both financial and non-financial companies has been accompanied by a growing interest in and concern about the compensation of the CEOs of major U.S. corporations. This, in turn, has reignited interest among both academics and financial practitioners about agency theory issues, especially the question of whether or not the total compensation of CEOs is properly scaled in relation to the earnings they generate for the shareholde rs they serve.Our null hypothesis, consistent with the popular assumption in the media, is that the secular growth of CEO compensation has become increasingly misaligned with the earnings results that CEOs have produced for shareholders. Surprisingly, our initial findings, drawing on secular trends among SP 500 firms, appear to show that our hypothesis does not hold, and that, over an extended period of time, CEOs have not received compensation that is out of line with the their companies earnings trends.Zhao, Kevin M Baum, Charles L Ford, William F2.0 Diagnosis of Problems and notional Analysis2.1 Organisational Change2.2 Conflict Cognitive Dissonance2.3 Communication2.4 lead3.0 Recommendations3.1 Organisational Change Management Recommendations3.2. Conflict Management Recommendations3.3. Communication Recommendations4.0. Conclusion